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Manufacture and processing
Published in Peter Domone, John Illston, Construction Materials, 2018
The residual compression stress effectively increases the strength by a factor of about four and provides a proportion of strength that is unaffected by the duration of loading. Secondly, when broken, the stored strain energy drives a process of crack branching that spreads throughout the pane in a fraction of a second and divides it into roughly cubic fragments. This characteristic fracture pattern is much less prone to cause cutting and piercing injuries and for this reason properly toughened glass can be classified as a ‘safety glass’. Its first widespread use was in car windscreens, and it is still used for side windows and rear screens but has been replaced in windscreens by laminated glass.
Inorganic Polymers
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Today, safety glass is divided into three general categories—laminated safety glass, tempered safety glass, and armed glass. Tempered safety glass is made by heating the glass to its melting point, about 700°C, and then cooling it rapidly by blowing cold air onto its surfaces. The effect is similar to the production of stressed concrete where the concrete is allowed to harden under stress, giving a stronger concrete. In the case of glass, when it is rapidly cooled, a structure is locked in that produces extra stress on the glass structure, making it stronger. As the glass is cooled, the surfaces harden first locking in the overall glass volume. As the center cools, it forces the surfaces and edges into compression. With appropriate rapid cooling, the glass is not only stronger, but when shattered, produces granulates rather than sharp cutting shards. The typical force necessary to break tempered glass is about four times that required to shatter ordinary glass of the same thickness.
Applications
Published in W. P. Jones, Air Conditioning Applications and Design, 2012
Laminated safety glass consists of two layers of float or plate glass, held firmly together by an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral with a melting point of about 90°C. The adhesive property of the interlayer retains the integrity of the glass after fracture, when the temperature difference from the centre of the glass to the frame reaches 40 K. After this its behaviour is similar to that of ordinary clear glass. Other proprietary forms of laminated glass are available, with claims of up to 90 minutes of fire insulation.
Investigation on the adhesive mechanism of mounting brackets formed by injection molding with a safety glass insert
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2021
Weikang Liang, Qiongqi Xu, Qiong Liu, Zhixiang Cui, Qianting Wang
Drop shape analyzer (DSA25, KRÜSS Corp., Hamburg, Germany) was utilized to measure the contact angle between the untreated/treated glass and the primer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM, MFP3D-Bio, Asylum Research, Maryland, USA) was used to measure the morphology and the roughness of the untreated and treated glass surface. An industrial-grade glass knife which can cut the thickness of 5–15 mm was employed to obtain the glass inserts, and a digital display universal tool grinding machine (MQX-6025, Hangzhou Hangji Machine Tool Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) was used to grind the glass inserts to ensure consistency in their dimensions. And a high-speed precision injector (TTI-100FX, Welltec Machinery Ltd., Dongguang, China) was utilized to obtain the specimens of the mounting brackets for safety glass by injection molding. An electronic universal testing machine (AGS-X, 10kN, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) was configured to test the force of PVC specimens and the adhesive force between the glass and the mounting brackets. The industrial-grade glass knife and a carbide tool were utilized to prepare the interface performance of the mounting brackets for safety glass specimens. Field emission SEM (NovaNanoSEM450, with EDS incorporated, FEI, Nebraska, USA) was used to observe the tensile fracture of the mounting brackets for safety glass after tensile tests, and the morphology of the adhesive interface between the mounting brackets and the glass. EDS was adopted to perform ingredient analysis between PVC and the primer of the mounting bracket for safety glass.
Bonded window panes in strength analysis of ship structures
Published in Ship Technology Research, 2018
Bjarne Wiegard, Sören Ehlers, Oliver Klapp, Bernhard Schneider
The test model is sketched in Figure 5. The model was built like a section of a typical window strip (also called: ribbon windows). The test model included three mullions and two laminated safety glass (LSG) panes. The design pressure was 25 kPa. The steel plating below and on top of the windows was 7 mm thick and longitudinally stiffened with profiles HP 80 × 5 and stringers HP 220 × 10 (see section view B–B). The mullions were built as I-beams (see section view C–C) and were positioned at each frame with frame spacing of 1300 mm. The corner radii of the openings were 50 mm. The window panes consisted of two 15 mm thick thermally toughened safety glass (TSG) layers laminated with 1.52 mm polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The window panes were 1280 mm wide and 1550 mm high. The bonded joint made of Sikaflex 296 is shown in the section views.