China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Building Regulations 2010
Published in Ray Tricker, Samantha Alford, Building Regulations in Brief, 2022
Building Inspectors examine the construction, alteration or repair of buildings, highways and streets, sewer and water systems, dams, bridges, and other structures, to ensure compliance with building codes and ordinances, zoning regulations and contract specifications.
Evolution of the Mexico City building code for tall buildings in the 20th century
Published in João Mascarenhas-Mateus, Ana Paula Pires, Manuel Marques Caiado, Ivo Veiga, History of Construction Cultures, 2021
P. Santa Ana, L. Santa Ana, J. Baez G
Building codes provide a comprehensive set of minimum safety, energy, and health standards for designing and constructing new buildings. Tall buildings in Mexico City have remained smaller than in many other countries because of the region's hydraulic condition, soil, and seismic behavior. Over time, analysis of each of these topics has created a much stricter building code, with particular attention for tall buildings in order to prevent a higher level of damages after earthquakes or during their life cycles.
Ontario
Published in Pierre Langlois, Geneviève Gauthier, Canadian Energy Efficiency Outlook, 2020
Pierre Langlois, Geneviève Gauthier
Regulating building construction is a provincial jurisdiction. Ontario’s first Building Code Act was proclaimed in 1974 with the first Building Code regulation taking effect the following year.[44] It is updated roughly every five years, with the most recent Building Code (2012) coming into force on 1 January 2014. The code is administered by the Building and Development Branch of the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. While the code is focused on ensuring public safety in newly constructed buildings, it also supports the government’s commitment to energy conservation, barrier-free accessibility and economic development.
Philosophies of bamboo structural design and key parameters for developing the philosophies
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Leule M. Hailemariam, Ermias A. Amede, Ezra K. Hailemariam, Denamo A. Nuramo
Structural design involves determining the proportions of load-bearing members and modeling the load-bearing structure to meet material strength, efficiency, and durability demands over the structure’s service life (Borgström & Karlsson, 2016). The key concerns in the structural design of buildings are material behavior and building efficiency. The materials’ behavior is determined by testing criteria as well as the design philosophy (Correal, 2020). The Limit States or Load and Resistance Factor Design is the current design format for structural timber in North America, Europe, Australia, and many other parts of the world. These standards are based on a philosophy that determines the “limits” of acceptable structural behavior in terms of function and appearance, strength or damage, robustness and public safety, and tolerance to multiple combinations of anticipated effects. Building codes have performance criteria in the form of minimum standards designed to protect life, health, property, and public safety by regulating design, construction, material quality, use and use, location, and operation (Correal, 2020; Crews et al., 2016).
Examining energy efficiency requirements in building energy standards: Implications of sustainable energy consumption
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2022
Junaid Tippu, Subramaniam Saravanasankar, Bathrinath Sankaranarayanan, Syed Mithun Ali, V. G. Venkatesh, Syed Shuibul Qarnain, Muthuvel Sattanathan
Energy efficiency standards are mandatory procedures that state the minimum efficiency criteria or maximum acceptable levels of energy utilization by a system for a particular geographical area or a specific type of building topology (Yu, Zhang, and Qian 2011). ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 2019) established by the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers in the US and CIBSE guides from the Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) in the UK are good examples of energy efficiency standards followed in different countries. The national consensus process develops energy efficiency codes, which are generally enforced by a local federal government jurisdiction for mandatory compliance (Athalye et al. 2016). Local or federal governments in many countries have the authority to manage the energy efficiency of buildings. Generally, building codes are created at the national level and implemented by regional or local municipalities (Young 2014). Enforcement of the International Building Code (IBC) by California in the US is an excellent example of code enforcement. Typically, buildings comply with energy efficiency and code criteria using three methods. The first is code-defined prescriptive methods, the second is through performance-based criteria, and the third is a model-based method using building model simulations (Yan et al. 2017). Recent research by Guler et al. (2021) proposed sustainable energy performance for 36 OECD countries. Neofytou et al. (2020) selected features for energy policy planning in Greece by using the MCDM method. The scope of this study is confined to the performance-based criteria of the UNECE region of more than 40 countries.
Evolution of Seismic Reliability of Code-Conforming Italian Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Iunio Iervolino, Roberto Baraschino, Andrea Spillatura
Building codes provide a series of principles and rules, so that the resulting construction ought to implicitly satisfy some reliability requirements. However, the link between structural reliability goals and design is somewhat loose and the safety achieved is unknown. This is true even for current (i.e. state-of-the-art) codes that enforce multi-limit-state-based design (sometimes also referred to as a simplified version of performance-based seismic design), such as the Italian building code, NTC18 (CS.LL.PP 2018). According to the Italian code, which is somewhat similar to the Eurocode (CEN 2004), the design actions (i.e. the ground motion intensity) are determined based on the limit state considered and the corresponding exceedance return period from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA; Cornell 1968) for the construction site. To address this issue, between 2015 and 2017, a large research project, that is RINTC – Rischio Implicito delle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni, has evaluated the current-code-implied seismic reliability of code-conforming structures in Italy (Iervolino and Dolce 2018). In this first round of the RINTC project, which is by now concluded, buildings belonging to five structural typologies were designed to code, at three locations in the country, spanning a wide range of seismic hazard levels. Nonlinear numerical models of the designed structures were analyzed via nonlinear dynamic analysis and their reliability was evaluated by integrating probabilistic representations of site hazard and seismic structural fragility, thus determining their annual failure rates. The results (Iervolino, Spillatura, and Bazzurro 2018) mainly show that, even if the design seismic actions have the same return period of exceedance at all sites, the implicit seismic reliability of code-conforming structures tends to decrease as the design site’s hazard increases. This is due to a combination of the code-prescribed minima (including gravity-load design at the lowest hazard sites; see Baltzopoulos, Grella, and Iervolino 2021) and the effect of ground motions with return period larger than those considered in design (Cito and Iervolino 2020).