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Surge Control of Centrifugal Compressors
Published in Douglas O. J. deSá, Instrumentation Fundamentals for Process Control, 2019
A compressor is a machine that is used to compress a gas. This means that it changes the volume of the fluid it takes in at the suction end to a much smaller volume at the discharge end. Compressors are used in process industries as a means to pump up gases to suitable conditions for further processing in, say, reformer reactors or furnaces, or for transportation by pipelines for either direct use or storage. The physical act of compression, by reducing the fluid volume, changes its internal energy; in turn affecting its thermodynamic properties of pressure and temperature, both of which are increased. The temperature rise due to compression is not of great significance, but indicative of the upward change in heat energy that requires removal by coolers in the discharge line. The pressure rise, on the other hand, in the form of a much higher pressure at the discharge end of the machine, is the most important and sought-after effect. This increase in pressure energy can be made visible, quite easily, by pressure gauges fitted to the suction and discharge pipes of the machine involved. The pressure ratio, a dimensionless number derived from the value of the discharge pressure divided by the value of the suction pressure, is fixed by the design of the machine. Sometimes the term turbo-compressor is used; this really means that the prime mover of the compressor is a turbine (steam or gas driven).
The effects of forces on materials
Published in John Bird, Carl Ross, Mechanical Engineering Principles, 2019
Compression is a force that tends to squeeze or crush a material, as shown in Figure 3.2. For example, a pillar supporting a bridge is in compressionthe sole of a shoe is in compressionthe jib of a crane is in compression
Applications of Crop Modeling for Agricultural Machinery Design
Published in Guangnan Chen, Advances in Agricultural Machinery and Technologies, 2018
Kenny Nona, Tom Leblicq, Josse De Baerdemaeker, Wouter Saeys
The compression behavior of materials is typically described in terms of the required force per area (stress) for applying a certain relative deformation (strain) to the material or vice-versa, the resulting strain from applying a certain stress. However, in the case of fibrous biological materials, this stress-deformation behavior is also time-dependent. Therefore, it is more appropriate to describe the material behavior in the stress, deformation, and time domains.
Elasto-plastic adhesive joint design approach by a radial point interpolation meshless method
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2022
R.F.P. Resende, B.F.P. Resende, I.J. Sanchez Arce, L.D.C. Ramalho, R.D.S.G. Campilho, J. Belinha
The EDP yield criterion was found to be suitable to describe the yielding of rubber-like materials as the adhesives.[30] Unlike the vM yield criterion, the EDP criterion is sensitive to the hydrostatic pressure in an exponential manner. Consequently, when in compression, the material would require higher stress to yield. Therefore, the yield surface is described as a paraboloid in the deviatoric-hydrostatic plane (σe-σH), as follows
Buckling analysis of sandwich plates with functionally graded graphene reinforced composite face sheets based on a five-unknown plate theory
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
In this section, various numerical simulation results are presented and discussed to reveal the effects of graphene volume fraction, distribution pattern, lamination sequence, span-to-thickness ratio and aspect ratio on buckling behaviors of the FG-GRC sandwich plates. The compression forms are selected as uniaxial and biaxial compression. The 3 D elasticity solutions, CUF solutions and other five-unknown higher-order theories are employed to verify the accuracy of the proposed plate model.