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Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polyvinyl Acetate
Published in Abdullah Al-Mamun, Jonathan Y. Chen, Industrial Applications of Biopolymers and their Environmental Impact, 2020
PVA is used in sizing agents that give greater strength to textile yarns and make paper more resistant to oils and greases. It is also employed as a component of adhesives and emulsifiers, as a water-soluble protective film, and as a starting material for the preparation of other resins. By reaction with butyraldehyde and formaldehyde, PVA can be made into the resins polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and polyvinyl formal (PVF). PVB, a tough, clear, adhesive, and water-resistant plastic film, is widely used in laminated safety glass, primarily for automobiles, while PVF is used in wire insulation.
Glass
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Laminated glass (Fig. 7.16) is produced by bonding two or more layers of glass together with a plastic interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheet. For curved laminates, the low-viscosity resin polymethyl methacrylate is more versatile. The lamination process greatly increases the impact resistance over annealed glass of the same thickness. Furthermore, on impact, while the glass laminations crack, they do so without splintering or disintegration, being held together by the interlayer. The form of breakage for laminated glass is defined in BS EN 12600: 2002. Laminated glass can be defined as a safety glass providing it achieves the appropriate class standard to BS 6206: 1981.
Materials
Published in Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen, Mark R. Cruvellier, The Structural Basis of Architecture, 2019
Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen, Mark R. Cruvellier
Two or more glass layers may be laminated into one thick sheet by the help of thin plastic interlayers, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The interlayered plastic film may be colored or otherwise printed. In the case of breakage of this so-called laminated glass, the outer layers stick to the plastic interlayer, thus reducing the risk of injury from falling glass splinters or shards. As a result, laminated glass and toughened glass are both considered and labeled as safety glasses.
A study on motorcyclist head reponses during impact against front end of vehicle
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Zhi Xiao, Li Wang, Yunfei Zhang, Chunhui Yang
The windshield was modelled in detail to capture the correct glass behaviours of impact deformation and fracture. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) laminated windshield is typically used in automobiles and it is important to model the mechanical behaviours of windshield during impacts. In this study, double-layered glass model with one layer of glass and one layer of PVB was utilised [39]. Piecewise linear plasticity model was chosen to define the glass, with a density ρ of 2500 kg/m3, Young’s modulus E of 74 GPa, Poisson’s ratio v of 0.227 and fracture strain EFG of 0.001. The PVB layer was modelled by a hyper-elastic material model with a density ρ of 1100 kg/m3, Poisson’s ratio v of 0.435, material parameters A of 1.6 MPa and B of 0.06 MPa. The glass layer was modelled by using shell elements of Belytschko-Tsay formulation, and the PVC layer was modelled with shell elements of full integrated Belytschko-Tsay membrane formulation. The thickness of glass layer was set of 4.2 mm and PVC layer was 0.76 mm. The elements of the two layers were connected together by the shared node method.