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Steam Reforming
Published in Martyn V. Twigg, Catalyst Handbook, 2018
The oxo process provides a means of converting an olefin to an aldehyde containing one more carbon atom by catalytic carbonylation with an approximately equimolar mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This reaction is called hydroformylation. Butyraldehyde obtained in this way from propylene is usually subjected to aldol condensation, and the resulting Cg aldehyde is hydrogenated to 2-ethylhexanol. Long-chain aldehydes derived from the appropriate straight-chain terminal olefin when hydrogenated to the primary alcohol are used in biodegradable detergents. A soluble cobalt catalyst is used in the conventional oxo process, while the more recently introduced low-pressure process uses a rhodium catalyst. Both methane and naphtha reforming can be used to produce oxo synthesis gas. To achieve the desired hydrogen/carbon oxides ratio carbon dioxide is added to the reformer inlet gas, and a reformer pressure of around 15 kg cm−2 with exit temperature around 850–900°C are common. A typical reformer for an oxo duty using natural gas as feedstock has inlet and exit conditions shown in Table 5.11.
Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
1-Butanol may be produced from syngas via methanol and subsequent alcohol homologation; however, the currently favored route involves the stereo-selective rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of propylene to n-butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation to 1-butanol (Scheme 1A). Alternatively, 1-butanol may be produced by microbial fermentation using organisms such as Clostridium acetobutylicum, which provides mixtures of acetone, 1-butanol, and ethanol (ABE fermentation), or other species that produce 1-butanol exclusively. The Guerbet reaction of bioethanol, which is more easily produced by fermentation and separated at higher titers, provides an alternative route for 1-butanol production.
Alcohol Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Gnouyaro P. Assima, Ingrid Zamboni, Jean-Michel Lavoie, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Different varieties of C-4 alcohols have numerous uses in the industry, and n-butanol is probably the one that draws the most attention. One of the reasons explaining this interest is that the compound has been thoroughly investigated as an oxygenated drop-in fuel to substitute octane and, eventually, ethanol. The industrial approach for the production of 1-butanol is very comparable to the industrial production of 1-propanol, but in this case propylene is used as an olefin, which is hydroformylated to butyraldehyde, and later reduced to butanol through hydrogenation.
Performance evaluation of PEM fuel cell-chemical heat pump-absorption refrigerator hybrid system
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Emin Açıkkalp, Mohammad H. Ahmadi
CHP system is an alternative way of utilising the low-temperature heat source or waste heat; and thus, the renewable energy, including solar and geothermal energy, can be utilised. In contrast to conventional steam-compressed heat pumps, they do not involve mechanical compression generally. In this study, an i-propanol-acetone-hydrogen CHP was chosen. It can provide heat to the environment at 150–200°C, and the operating pressure is about 1 or 2 bars. The operational process of the CHP originates from the dehydrogenation of methanol, ethanol or n-butanol and hydrogenation of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or butyraldehyde, respectively. In these systems, the dehydrogenation reaction takes place at low-temperature (70–100°C) and requires thermal energy; while the hydrogenation reaction is carried out at high-temperature (150–200°C) as an exothermic reaction. The alcohol produced by the hydrogenation reaction of aldehyde or ketone and hydrogen is recycled for dehydrogenation reaction. Part of low-level thermal energy is upgraded to high-level energy, and the rest is removed by condenser at ambient temperature. No mechanical energy is necessary as a driving force (Karaca, Kıncay, and Bolat 2002).
Decomposition of n-hexane using a dielectric barrier discharge plasma
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Youn-Suk Son, Junghwan Kim, In-Young Choi, Jo-Chun Kim
Various trace hydrocarbons and organic compounds containing nitrogen as well as residual n-hexane were also observed. The trace gaseous compounds formed by the decomposition of n-hexane were acetone (C3H6O), methane (CH4), pentanal (C5H10O), 2-hexanone (C6H12O), 3-hexanone (C6H12O), hexanal (C6H12O), heptanal (C7H14O), octanal (C8H16O), nonanal (C9H18O), decanal (C10H20O) and undecanal (C11H22O), all identified from the GC-MSD analysis in this study. It is similar with a result of previous studies. Marotta et al. [50] reported that common products from the treatment of n-hexane are propane, butane, acetone, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, methanol, ethanol, propionaldehyde, 2-hexanone and 3-hexanone. Kim et al. [37] reported that the amount of 2-hexanone decreased after the initial increase, but that the production of acetone increased steadily during the decomposition of n-hexane by an electron beam.
Organic compound and particle emissions of additive manufacturing with photopolymer resins and chemical outgassing of manufactured resin products
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Antti Väisänen, Lauri Alonen, Sampsa Ylönen, Marko Hyttinen
Carbonyls were sampled over the duration of complete 3D print jobs with Sep-Pak DNPH-Silica cartridges (Waters Corp., Milford, MA) containing 350 mg sorbent and an N022.AN.18 pump (KNF Neuberger Inc., Trenton, NJ). The air collection rate of 1.5 L/min was calibrated with the mini-BUCK Calibrator. A single sample was collected during each 3D print job, except for the Stratasys printer where a second sample was collected from the ventilation duct. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivates of the compounds were analyzed with a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer system that consisted of a Nexera X2 LC-30AD pump, Nexera X2 SIL-30AC autosampler, DGU-20A5R degassing unit, CTO-20AC column oven, LCMS-8040 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (all manufactured by Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan), and Kinetex® reversed phase C18 column with 1.7 µm pore size, 100 mm length, and 3 mm internal diameter (Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA). Water and acetonitrile (ACN) were used as eluents; the initial portion of ACN was 30%, which steadily increased to 90% over 20 min, then reducing back to 30% over 1 min. The duration of a single run was 25 min. The collected compounds were selectively quantified with assistance of 4-point standard curves constructed with Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 1 certified reference material samples (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, MO) containing DNPH derivates of 2-butanone, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, hexaldehyde, methacrolein, propionaldehyde, tolualdehyde, and valeraldehyde. The individual compounds were identified by their retention times and produced ions. A LabSolution Insight software (Shimadzu Corp.) was employed for compound identification and quantification.