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Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Propylene is an unsaturated organic hydrocarbon (C3H6, CH3CH=CH2) that has one double bond, and is a colorless gas (Table 7.4). It is a byproduct of crude oil refining and natural gas processing.
Enhancement of Impact Strength in Jute Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene-Spent Coffee Ground Composites
Published in Jose James, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Yang Weimin, Kaushik Pal, Processing and Characterization of Multicomponent Polymer Systems, 2019
Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic “addition polymer” made from the combination of propylene monomers. Globally, most propylene monomer comes from the steam-cracking process using naphtha which is a valuable fraction of crude oil. The target product used form naphtha cracking is ethylene monomer in which propylene is a by-product of the cracking process which is produced along with various other byproducts. Recently, a new process by which propane is dehydrogenated to propylene monomer is being used. Propylene is used in a variety of applications like the packaging for consumer products, plastic parts for various industries including the automotive industry and textiles. It has exceptional resistance at room temperature to organic solvents like fats.
Alcohol Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Elia Tomás-Pejó, Antonio D. Moreno, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Propanol (C3H8O) can be found in the form of two different isomers: 1-propanol also known as n-propanol, and 2-propanol also called isopropanol. Isopropanol is an industrial chemical that can be used as a solvent and fuel additive for the preparation of gasoline with high octane rating. Besides, it can be dehydrated and converted into propylene, which is used in the production of polypropylene (Rassadin et al. 2006). Propylene is the second most important chemical intermediate in the petrochemical industry after ethylene, and it is used in many chemical reactions for the synthesis of a wide variety of products, including plastic materials. Isopropanol can be also catalytically condensed into diisopropyl ether, which displays good fuel properties and could substitute MTBE. The 1-propanol isomer is formed via hydroformylation of ethylene and is mainly used as a solvent.
Energy and exergy assessments of dehydrogenation of propane for propene production
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Tianwei Wu, Qingbo Yu, Kun Wang, Wenjun Duan, Qin Qin
Propene is a significant building block in the petrochemical industry. Many chemicals can be manufactured by propene like polypropylene, propylene oxide and acrylonitrile (Corma et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2013). For now, the propene is mainly manufactured by steam and fluid catalytic cracking of light oil fractions (SC and FCC) (Corma, Mengual, and Miguel 2013; Gao et al. 2010). Propene production by SC and FCC process needs high temperature, however, the high temperature could lead to the undesired decomposition of propene, which reduces the propene yield. Meanwhile, with the decreasing of oil resources, propene production by SC and FCC process has become more and more uneconomic. Recently, with the rapid development of shale gas industry, dehydrogenation of propane has been drawn more and more attention as an effective and economic propene production technology (Kang et al. 2015).
Development of a modular microreactor for the partial hydrocarbon oxidation
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Thomas Willms, Holger Kryk, Michael Wiezorek, Uwe Hampel
The production of TBHP by oxidation of liquid isobutane is an example for the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. TBHP is used for numerous applications as for industrial polymerizations and oxidations as well as in organic synthesis. It becomes more and more important since the hydroperoxide is used to oxidize propylene to propylene oxide in the frame of the oxirane process. Propylene oxide is an important product for the manufacturing of polymers, antifreezing products etc. However, the production process of TBHP by the noncatalyzed oxidation of isobutane has still a big potential of improvement. The reaction is currently conducted in bubble-cap tray reactors and bubble columns at 120–140°C and 25–35 bar with a selectivity of about 60 mol% at a conversion of 45 mol% (Arpe, 2007). It is quite exothermic with a reaction enthalpy of −100 to −250 kJ/mol. An extremely simplified reaction scheme of this reaction is given by Equation (1).
Effects of the shale boom on ethylene and propylene prices
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2019
Soohyeon Kim, Saerok Jeong, Eunnyeong Heo
Propylene is the second most produced building block after ethylene in the petrochemical industry. However, unlike ethylene production, which is expected to increase substantially, the production of propylene has decreased. Propylene for petrochemical use is produced mainly as a coproduct or byproduct of the ethylene from steam crackers that feed ethane, propane, and naphtha. The amount produced from steam crackers depends on the feedstock used: the heavier the feedstocks, the greater the amount of propylene produced. About 0.16 units of propylene are obtained from one unit of naphtha or propane, whereas the amount of propylene obtained from ethane is only 0.03 units. Accordingly, as steam crackers have begun to utilize cheaper ethane in place of propane and naphtha feedstocks, propylene production has fallen by 40% since 2000 (Plotkin 2015). Propylene is also produced from refinery fluid catalytic crackers (FCC) as a byproduct of gasoline and distillates from gas oil. Its cost structure depends on crude oil prices; accordingly, when crude oil prices were significantly higher than natural gas prices in the late 2000s, oil-based FCCs reduced costly propylene production. Besides, when gasoline demand stagnated after the 2008 financial crisis, both gasoline and propylene production were depressed. In response to decreased propylene levels, the US petrochemical industry has accelerated on-purpose production technology, namely propane dehydrogenation (PDH), which is a method for the cracking of propane to propylene. Until 2015, only two PDH plants have been in operation; however, with four additional PDH plants under construction, the propylene supply is expected to increase.