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Controlled Release of Hormones by Pellet Implants
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Adrenal gland is known to produce various steroid hormones that regulate a wide variety of physiological functions in the body ranging from glucose homeostasis to mineral homeostasis. The glucose regulation by steroids is mediated through glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineral regulation by mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the steroids from the adrenal cortex that bind to these receptors to bring about the physiological effects are called as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, respectively. In addition, adrenal gland also secretes androgens and adrenalines. The adrenal androgens are listed along with other androgens in the above section. The medullary hormone pellet is listed along with other hormones in a separate section. The adrenal corticoids (cortex hormones) pellets are used in experimental animals to evaluate the physiological significance of these hormones and also study some of the behavioral changes (Beck et al. 2016, Bayorh et al. 2012, Chen, Blalock, et al. 2013, Frias-Dominguez et al. 2013, Muller-Fielitz et al. 2012, Diniz et al. 2013). Listed in Table 6.3 are some of the commercially available products related to adrenal cortex (adrenal medulla hormone pellet listed separately) hormone pellets.
Human scale sustainable design
Published in Rob Fleming, Saglinda H Roberts, Sustainable Design for the Built Environment, 2019
Rob Fleming, Saglinda H Roberts
We also explored in Chapter 6 how the materials used either as finishes, structural elements, or furnishings could cause psychological and physiological changes. According to FP Innovations in their studies regarding the use of wood in medical, office, and school settings, some of the benefits that are associated with exposure to wood are as follows: Reduced stress levels, measured with cortisol, which is a chemical produced by the adrenal gland and is elevated in response to physical or psychological stress. Long-term elevation of cortisol levels can cause many different health risks from heart problems, to weight gain to insomnia.Lower blood pressure increases the ability to concentrate, lowers pain perception, or speed recovery times. It actually changes our alpha brain waves improving the ability for focused, creative work.Melatonin production was found to be higher in a bedroom setting when there was light reflected off its surface. This implies that it would be better for sleeping than other materials.
Control of Mean Arterial Pressure by Sodium Nitroprusside Injection
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
One possible reason postsurgical MAP becomes elevated is that the kidneys experience low blood flow during surgery, which may last a number of hours, which stimulates them to secrete renin. Renin leads to the formation of angiotensin I and angiotensin II in the blood. Angiotensin II is a potent systemic vasoconstrictor, raising peripheral circulatory resistance and hence MAP. Angiotensin II also acts directly on the kidneys to cause them to retain Na+ and water. It also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which acts on the kidney tubules to increase salt and water retention.59 Increased water and salt retention raises blood volume, which, in turn, raises cardiac output and hence MAP.
Salivary aldosterone and cortisone respond differently to high- and low-psychologically stressful soccer competitions
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Timothy S. McHale, Wai-Chi Chee, Carolyn R. Hodges-Simeon, David T. Zava, Graham Albert, Ka-Chun Chan, Peter B. Gray
The adrenal gland produces hormones that regulate a number of important biological functions (Caretto et al., 2019; Silverman & Sternberg, 2012). Participation in sports and other forms of competition modulate these hormones, making activities like these a useful experimental paradigm to model the effect of physical and social challenges on adrenal activity (Flinn et al., 2012; Gatti & De Palo, 2011; Geniole et al., 2017). Cortisol is one adrenal biomarker that has been studied extensively as an indicator of psychosocial (e.g., Jezova et al., 2016; Korte, 2001; Liu et al., 2017) and physical stress in athletic competition (Casto & Prasad, 2017; Edwards et al., 2006) and in strenuous exercise (Anderson & Wideman, 2017; Thomas et al., 2009). Additionally, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity is linked with competition outcome. Specifically, cortisol increases following defeat (e.g., Aguilar et al., 2013; Casto et al., 2014). However, research suggests that additional adrenal hormones may also play an important role in regulating a competitor’s psychology, physiology, and behaviour within sports competitions (McHale et al., 2018, 2016). Aldosterone and cortisone are two hormones released from the adrenal cortex in response to HPA axis activation (Bollag, 2014; Del Corral et al., 2016; Zorbas et al., 2001), yet received far less attention in the stress literature. These hormones play an important and underappreciated role in the stress response system due to their high affinity for adrenal glucocorticoids, like cortisone, and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone in the brain through activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (Funder, 2009; for review see Kubzansky & Adler, 2010).
Clinical translation of biomedical sensors for sports medicine
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
Dhruv R. Seshadri, Samantha Magliato, James E. Voos, Colin Drummond
A stress reaction causes the secretion of hormones such as epinephrine and cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal glands as a product in the hypothalamic- pituitary adrenal (HPA) pathway in response to stress [50]. Cortisol helps maintain homeostasis in the body via regulation of neural, immune, cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine systems [50]. Cortisol has been measured in human blood [51], serum [52], urine [53], saliva [54,55], hair [54], and interstitial fluid (ISF) [55]. Researchers recently were able to quantify cortisol from human eccrine sweat utilising liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry [50].