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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The traditional surgical approach was to remove all four parathyroid glands and replace with parathormone replacement therapy, achieving a 95% success [34]. With the development of more sophisticated and accurate imaging it is increasingly possible to remove only the affected gland, limiting the extent of surgery and the side-effects thereof.
Modified mine waste as an adsorbent for fluoride removal from contaminated water
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Bidyutprava Behera, Himanshu Bhushan Sahu
Fluoride is an abundant trace element which is found with an average concentration of 625 mg/kg of fluorine in the earth’s crust (Ayoob, Gupta, and Bhat 2008). However, the fluoride is released into the groundwater by slow dissolution of fluorine-containing rocks such as granite, fluorite and basalt as a natural source of contamination. Other source of contamination may include the effluents from industry, wastewater of some plants containing excess fluoride concentrations. Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion, the chemical formula being F−. Fluoride is an essential mineral for body as for the cavity prevention, and it prevents our teeth from decay by demineralization and remineralization. However, the health risk associated with high amount of fluoride exposure include the dental fluorosis causing white specks in the enamel, severe bone disease, damage to joints, risk of fracture, severe pain. It also affects our parathyroid gland resulting in hyperparathyroidism, which involves uncontrolled secretion of parathyroid hormones.
Effects of running a marathon on sclerostin and parathyroid hormone concentration in males aged over 50
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2023
Aleksandra Zagrodna, Anna Książek, Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska, Jan Chmura, Piotr Ponikowski, Giovanni Lombardi
Expression of sclerostin is also subjected to a strict endocrine regulation and, among the hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) is of particular relevance since it is a master regulator of calcium metabolism (Sims & Chia, 2012). Parathyroid hormone is an 84-amino acid peptide hormone synthesized in the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. It is essential for the maintenance of serum calcium concentration within a narrow range through direct actions on bone, kidney, and, indirectly, on small intestine (Anastasilakis et al., 2014). Parathyroid hormone acts via the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) expressed by mesenchymal stem cells and cells of the osteoblastic lineage (eg osteoprogenitors, lining cells, immature and mature osteoblasts, and osteocytes). Parathyroid hormone stimulates proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, osteoblast activity, ECM deposition, and mineralisation. However, PTH can also induce the expression of the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-related ligand of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANκL) that stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity via RANκ, and inhibits osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for RANκL. Osteoclast activity causes the release of calcium (Ca2+) from the resorbing bone, which, in turn, inhibits the expression of PTH in the parathyroid glands (Lombardi et al., 2020). While PTH stimulates both bone resorption and bone formation, the final outcome on bone mass, catabolic or anabolic, depends on the dose and periodicity of the PTH signal. Continuous exposure to PTH results in catabolic effects on the skeleton, while intermittent, low doses of PTH result in osteoanabolic effects (Miyamoto-Mikami et al., 2015). Parathyroid hormone negatively regulates sclerostin expression in rodent bone tissue (Gardinier et al., 2015), and serum sclerostin concentrations in humans (Yu et al., 2011). Parathyroid hormone responses to acute exercise stimuli in humans show variable patterns depending on the type of exercise (Lombardi et al., 2020). The available literature contains little available data on changes in PTH concentration during the postexercise period caused by long-term stimulus, and such studies on the middle-aged population have not yet been published.