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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Parathyroid glands – these are adjacent to the thyroid gland but are not controlled by the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland. There are four parathyroid glands, two on either side of the thyroid. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland controls the calcium levels in the blood. Another factor affecting the blood calcium level is calcitonin, which as noted earlier, is also a secretion of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin acts by trapping calcium in the bones. Another important factor determining the level of blood calcium is vitamin D.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Parathyroid glands are adjacent to the thyroid gland but are not controlled by the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland. There are four parathyroid glands, two on either side of the thyroid. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland controls the calcium levels in the blood. Another factor affecting the blood calcium level is calcitonin, which, as noted above, is also a secretion of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin acts by trapping calcium in the bones. Another important factor determining the level of blood calcium is vitamin D.
Hyaluronate – parathyroid hormone peptide conjugate for transdermal treatment of osteoporosis
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Minsoo Cho, Seulgi Han, Hyemin Kim, Ki Su Kim, Sei Kwang Hahn
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by parathyroid gland which stimulates bone formation and resorption to maintain the serum concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+) [1]. The biological effect of PTH is mediated by parathyroid hormone receptor-1 on the cell membrane. The binding of PTH to receptors increases the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the concentration of Ca2+ in the blood. In addition, the binding process promotes the bone formation by activating osteoblasts and decreasing the osteoblast apoptosis [2]. The N-terminal 34 amino acids of PTH are known to play the important role to maintain the normal blood calcium concentration via adenylate cyclase activation. The 14th to 34th amino acids are suggested as the receptor binding region [3,4]. Recently, recombinant human PTH 1–34 fragment has been approved by the US and EU FDA as a therapeutics for treating osteoporosis [5]. This peptide induces anabolic responses in osteoblast cells and prompts to increase the blood calcium concentration for bone formation.