China 
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Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Jim Ballinger, Jacek Koziorowski
The parathyroid glands, located adjacent to the thyroid, regulate the body’s use of calcium. Parathyroid adenoma is a benign condition causing hyperparathyroidism, usually resulting in elevated blood calcium levels, which is best treated by minimally invasive surgery. Imaging plays an important role in guiding surgery. Most commonly used now is the myocardial perfusion agent, 99mTc-sestamibi, which accumulates in both the thyroid and parathyroid glands but is only retained in the parathyroid glands. The mechanism of accumulation of 99mTc-sestamibi is not fully understood but is believed to be related to high mitochondrial activity. Two imaging approaches are taken. One uses early and late imaging (15 min and 2 h) following injection of 99mTc-sestamibi. Relative focal increase in the parathyroid glands (as the tracer washes out of the thyroid) is indicative of adenoma. An alternative approach uses a second, thyroid-specific tracer, such as 99mTc-pertechnetate or 123I-iodide, to allow subtraction of thyroid activity for better definition of the parathyroid glands. In either case, SPECT or SPECT/CT imaging is useful to provide the surgeon with a roadmap [29].
Human studies
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Christopher F Njeh, John Shepherd, Harry K Genant
However, the guidelines for reimbursement from insurance companies and government coverage in many cases drive the patient’s and clinician’s ability to perform the measurement. The current guidelines from Medicare were established by a 1998 Medicare Law allowing for the coverage of bone density tests for five groups of individuals. These groups include: Oestrogen-deficient women at clinical risk of osteoporosis.Individuals with vertebral abnormalities as demonstrated by X-ray to be indicative of osteoporosis, low-bone mass or vertebral fracture.An individual receiving long-term glucocorticoid (steroid) therapy.An individual with primary hyperparathyroidism.Individuals being monitored to assess the response to or efficacy of an FDA-approved osteoporosis drug therapy.
Modified mine waste as an adsorbent for fluoride removal from contaminated water
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Bidyutprava Behera, Himanshu Bhushan Sahu
Fluoride is an abundant trace element which is found with an average concentration of 625 mg/kg of fluorine in the earth’s crust (Ayoob, Gupta, and Bhat 2008). However, the fluoride is released into the groundwater by slow dissolution of fluorine-containing rocks such as granite, fluorite and basalt as a natural source of contamination. Other source of contamination may include the effluents from industry, wastewater of some plants containing excess fluoride concentrations. Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion, the chemical formula being F−. Fluoride is an essential mineral for body as for the cavity prevention, and it prevents our teeth from decay by demineralization and remineralization. However, the health risk associated with high amount of fluoride exposure include the dental fluorosis causing white specks in the enamel, severe bone disease, damage to joints, risk of fracture, severe pain. It also affects our parathyroid gland resulting in hyperparathyroidism, which involves uncontrolled secretion of parathyroid hormones.