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Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The endocrine system is defined as the collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards target organs, resulting in “endocrine signaling.” The major endocrine glands include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal glands, as shown on Fig. 4.4.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Published in Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur, Fundamentals of Hazardous Materials Incidents, 2020
Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur
There are seven ductless glands in the body: the gonads, which produce hormones to promote the development of the sex cells; the pancreas, which produces a hormone used in the control of the amount of blood sugar used as food by the cells; the thyroid, which produces a hormone used in control of metabolism; the parathyroids, which produce a hormone that maintains calcium and phosphorus levels; the pituitary, which is the most complex endocrine gland and produces growth hormones and also plays a role in control of the other endocrine glands; and the adrenals, which produce several hormones that function in the conversion of proteins to carbohydrates and also to stimulate the body to respond in emergencies. The approximate location of these glands is shown in Figure 2-6.
The Contemporary Earth
Published in Ivan G. Draganić, Zorica D. Draganić, Jean-Pierre Adloff, Radiation and Radioactivity on Earth and Beyond, 2020
Ivan G. Draganić, Zorica D. Draganić, Jean-Pierre Adloff
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is such a technique which, besides being sensitive and specific, has the advantage that it can be performed in vitro, i.e., outside the patient’s body. RIA combines the sensitivity of radiation detection with the specificity of immunology. An example is the determination of hormone in human plasma. Hormones are specific substances which are produced by endocrine glands and regulate various metabolic functions of the organism, for example, in the metabolism of sugar by insulin. They react with antibodies, which are the substances manufactured by the organism to combat foreign substances which enter into the body and interfere with its chemistry; the antibodies react with invaders by combining with them.
A fully coupled porous media and channels flow approach for simulation of blood and bile flow through the liver lobules
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
The liver, as the largest endocrine gland, has many functions and duties in the human body. Among these functions, the liver acts as a refinery producing biochemicals for digestion. One of the liver products is bile, an alkaline compound, that helps to emulsify the lipids in the digestion process. The red blood cells decomposition, glycogen storage regulation, and the hormones production are the other roles of the liver. The liver receives blood from two main vessels, including the hepatic Portal Vein (PV) and Hepatic Artery (HA), as shown in Figure 1(a). These vessels are divided into small capillaries inside the liver. Hepatic portal vein provides de-oxygenated blood, rich in digested nutrients, from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen. This is about 75–80% of the total volume of blood entering the liver (Garcea and Maddern 2009). The remainder is provided through the hepatic artery caring fully oxygenated blood, poor in nutrients, from the aorta to the liver (Garcea and Maddern 2009).
A deep separable neural network for human tissue identification in three-dimensional optical coherence tomography images
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2019
Haifeng Wang, Daehan Won, Sang Won Yoon
There are limited studies of human tissue OCT image analysis, and most applications have been focused on retina image analysis. In this research, four types of human tissues, which are highly related to head and neck surgeries (Senchenkov and Staren, 2004), were collected: thyroid, parathyroid, fat, and muscle. The thyroid gland is a bilobed endocrine gland located at the front of the neck and produces hormones to control body growth and functions. Compared with the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands that can produce a parathyroid hormone. Humans normally have four parathyroid glands, which are located at the back of thyroid glands. Parathyroid and thyroid hormones are related to regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. Muscle tissue produces force and motion, and is widespread in the human body. In a human neck, there is a muscle structure called sternocleidomastoid, which is a soft tissue close to thyroid tissue. Identifying tissue types is highly critical to surgical intervention.
Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of the endocrine system: an analysis of ATSDR’s toxicological profile database
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
The thyroid was the most studied endocrine gland, with thirty-nine studies investigating the effects of twelve different chemicals on the circulating levels of the major thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) (Figure 1).