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Clinical Applications of Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
The adrenal cortex produces a number of important steroids involved in cell metabolism. The secretion of cortisol is dependent on the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which stimulates cortisol and androgen production in the adrenal cortex and negatively regulates ACTH production. In a hormone disorder known as Cushing’s syndrome, there is sustained over-production of cortisol with loss of the normal cortisol circadian rhythm. Excess cortisol leads to a change in body habitus (weight gain, ‘moon faces’ and ‘buffalo hump’), susceptibility to recurrent infections and a host of other bone, skin and gonadal problems. The most common cause of excess cortisol is the ingestion of prescribed steroids. Other causes of Cushing’s syndrome include an adrenal tumour, hypersecretion of ACTH from a pituitary tumour (Cushing’s disease) or ectopic production of ACTH from a cancer.
Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Large pituitary tumours may be detected as a result of pressure on adjacent structures, particularly the optic chiasm that lies above the pituitary, separated from it only by a basal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cistern. A tumour growing up into the centre of the chiasm will initially compress the neurons taking visual signals from the medial half of each retina, thus causing a bitemporal hemianopia, or loss of the lateral visual field of both eyes. Large tumours may also present by compressing and reducing the function of the rest of the pituitary gland, causing hypopituitarism.
Endocrine system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
The pituitary gland consists of two functionally separate components:Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe): secretes hormones including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and growth hormoneNeurohypophysis (posterior lobe): stores hormones secreted by hypothalamus (vasopressin and oxytocin).
Sustained transdermal delivery of human growth hormone from niosomal gel: in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Liming Wang, Lulu Wei, Wenbin Long, Quan Zhang, Yanhong Zou
Human growth hormone (hGH) produced in the pituitary gland regulates protein metabolism and stimulates growth [1]. It is widely used in the treatment of children’s growth disorder, turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, etc [2, 3]. However, the current therapy need frequent subcutaneous injections due to short half-life, which leads to poor patient compliance [4]. The logistical issues with multiple subcutaneous injections (costly regime) and its associated pain lead to medication withdrawal and consequently failure in treatment [5]. Thus, there is considerable interest to overcome the issues associated with injections by seeking a non-invasive alternate route [6].