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Is Supraphysiological Enhancement Possible, and What are the Downsides?
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Modern medical technologies can improve quality of life and may even provide cures for injury and disease. Some of these therapies are assumed to be part of a continuum that can extend beyond restoration of normal function and provide more of the same effect with a supranormal functioning. However, biological deficiencies and excesses do not often travel on the same trajectory of biological effect. For example, growth hormone therapy to the aged provides improvements in muscle mass, reductions in body fat, and other benefits. These benefits occur in patients that have age-related reductions in circulating levels of growth hormone and suboptimal body composition, including reduced muscle mass that is insufficient to safely conduct normal everyday physical activities (sarcopenia) (Salomon et al. 1989). Some athletes have used growth hormone supplements to increase muscle mass and strength above levels in the normal human range.
Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
Products in categories one and two can be produced profitably because small doses can be marketed at high prices. In 1988, the cost of medication to treat a 50kg growthhormone deficient child with 15mg of growth hormone per week amounted to about $35,000 per year. Clearly, the animal somatotropins are priced very differently to accommodate their larger markets.
EMA-approved biosimilars
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics, 2016
The indications applied for are as follows: growth disturbance due to insufficient secretion of growth hormone and growth disturbance associated with Turner syndrome or chronic renal insufficiency. Growth disturbance (current height SDS <–2.5 and parental adjusted SDS <–1) in short children born small for gestational age (SGA), with a birth weight and/or length below –2 SD, who failed to show catch-up growth (HV SDS <0 during the last year) by 4 years of age or later. Also approved for Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) for improvement of growth and body composition. The diagnosis of PWS should be confirmed by appropriate genetic testing. Replacement therapy in adults with pronounced growth hormone deficiency.
Sustained transdermal delivery of human growth hormone from niosomal gel: in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Liming Wang, Lulu Wei, Wenbin Long, Quan Zhang, Yanhong Zou
Human growth hormone (hGH) produced in the pituitary gland regulates protein metabolism and stimulates growth [1]. It is widely used in the treatment of children’s growth disorder, turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, etc [2, 3]. However, the current therapy need frequent subcutaneous injections due to short half-life, which leads to poor patient compliance [4]. The logistical issues with multiple subcutaneous injections (costly regime) and its associated pain lead to medication withdrawal and consequently failure in treatment [5]. Thus, there is considerable interest to overcome the issues associated with injections by seeking a non-invasive alternate route [6].