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Recent Development of Hemodialysis Membrane Materials
Published in Stephen Gray, Toshinori Tsuru, Yoram Cohen, Woei-Jye Lau, Advanced Materials for Membrane Fabrication and Modification, 2018
Muhammad Irfan, Masooma Irfan, Ani Idris, Ghani ur Rehman
The healthy human kidney controls the emission of body waste products including hormones, uremic solutes, unchanged drugs, and hydrophilic metabolites; regulates the water level; and exhibits a glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) greater than 90 mL/min (1.73 m2) with no signs of proteins in urine. When the filtration efficiency of kidney lowers to 15 mL/min, and its 90% working capability is lost, a state of renal failure called chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reached. Vascular disease (e.g., diabetes) or chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension are the major causes of CKD. At this level, the waste products of the blood begin to accumulate and cause many health issues including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular issues and bone diseases. The progressive increment of CKD can lead to kidney failure, called end-stage renal disease (ESRD), because CKD is generally considered an irreversible disease if it is not cured properly (Daugirdas et al., 2012; Daugirdas et al., 2013).
Clinical risk assessment of chronic kidney disease patients using genetic programming
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Arvind Kumar, Nishant Sinha, Arpit Bhardwaj, Shivani Goel
The kidney is one of the essential organs of the human body. The most critical work of the kidney is to make out dangerous and poisonous materials from the body and controlling water and minerals in the body as per its requirement. Malfunctioning in the kidney may create many serious diseases. These diseases happen when kidneys are unable to perform correctly. In this scenario, kidneys cannot remove waste materials, and extra water from the body, which results in multiple complicates in the body. Decreased kidney functionality that continues longer than three months is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is one of the most severe health issues in the world. More than 37 million adult population of America is influenced by CKD (Report 2019; Stats 2017). Other countries also have similar situations (Hill et al. 2016). CKD may create multiple other diseases directly and indirectly. Patients having CKD symptoms are found as lessor social support and cognitive ability compared to non-CKD individuals (Martini et al. 2018). Cardiovascular disease is also the intricacy of CKD (Olechnowicz-Tietz et al. 2013). Arterial stiffness (AS), also known as the artery’s aging marker, is also found in CKD patients (Ma et al. 2015). For making the best possible health care decisions, disease prediction is an essential criterion for many medical organizations (Ampavathi and Saradhi 2020). Early detection of CKD can prevent many patient’s life. For early detection, proper knowledge of disease symptoms is vital. By utilizing the disease laboratory tests, symptoms, and history, a urologist (doctor) can diagnose CKD early (Akben 2018).
Variabilities in concentrations of selected perfluoroalkyl acids among normotensives and hypertensives across various stages of glomerular function
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Hypertension is both a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with prevalence of hypertension in CKD ranging from 60% to 90% depending up on the stage of CKD.7 Over a 30-year follow up of participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, baseline hypertension, as compared to normotensives, was associated with a faster decline in kidney function.8 Vaes et al9 used retrospective data for 2002-2012 from a Belgian general practiced-based morbidity registration network to report an association between baseline systolic blood pressure and kidney function decline among those aged 60-79 years. In addition, an annual decline of > = 1 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure as well as decline in diastolic blood pressure was found to be a predictor of kidney function decline. Rifkin et al10 reported a 10 mm Hg increment in systolic blood pressure to be associated with 0.13 mL/min/year faster decline in kidney function among older adults living in a community.
Mathematical and statistical model misspecifications in modelling immune response in renal transplant recipients
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
H. T. Banks, R. A. Everett, Shuhua Hu, Neha Murad, H. T. Tran
Kidneys are an important pair of organs that extract waste from the blood, regulate body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important bodily functions. Blood flows into tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidney, called glomeruli, where the waste is filtered out to become urine. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is often used as an indicator for kidney health and function; it measures the rate at which the kidney clears toxic waste from the blood. A GFR number of 90 or less in adults is used as an indicator for kidney disease [1]. The compound serum creatinine is produced as a by-product of muscle metabolism (breakdown of a product called phosphocreatine in the muscle) and excreted in the urine. A low production of creatinine is an indicator of good renal health and is often used as a surrogate to asses GFR. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also commonly known as chronic kidney failure, is characterized by gradual but progressive loss of kidney function. The fifth stage of CKD, called end stage renal disease (ESRD), occurs when kidney function reduces to less than 15% and leads to permanent kidney failure [1]. Patients with ESRD have two choices of therapy – dialysis or kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation is often chosen since transplants (grafts) can improve survival and lower health care costs compared to dialysis [2]. As of November 2016, there are currently 121,678 people waiting for life-saving organ transplants in the US, of which 100,791 await kidney transplants [1]. Donor kidneys can originate from either living or deceased donors. In 2011–2012, 50.8% of patients who received deceased donor transplants experienced graft failure at 10 years, compared to 34.7% for those receiving a living donor transplant [3].