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Introduction to Biorobotics: Part of Biomedical Signal Processing
Published in Krishna Kant Singh, Vibhav Kumar Sachan, Akansha Singh, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Deep Learning in Visual Computing and Signal Processing, 2023
Kashish Srivastava, Shilpa Choudhary
As per an investigation, about 900,000 patients worldwide experience the ill effects of end-stage renal illness and need treatment by the process of dialysis or transplantation. Nanonephrology is a part of nanomedicine and nanotechnology that tries to utilize nanomaterials and nanogadgets for the determination, treatment, and management of renal sicknesses. It incorporates the following goals. The investigation of protein structures of kidney at the atomic level. To study the cell forms in kidney cell through nanoimaging approaches, nanomedical medicines that uses nanoparticles, nanorobots, and so forth to overcome various kidney diseases. Advances in nanonephrology will be based on discoveries in the above territories that can give nanoscale data on the cell molecular machinery associated with ordinary kidney forms and in neurotic states.36,37
Hemodialysis Membranes for Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
N.L. Gayatri, N. Shiva Prasad, Sundergopal Sridhar
In people aged between 65 and 74 worldwide, it is estimated that one in five men, and one in four women, have CKD (World Kidney Day, 2017). For example, in 2005, 35 million ascribed to CKD, as per World Health Organization (Levey et al., 2007). Chronic kidney disease can be treated with early identification and treatment making it possible to slow down or stop the advancement of the illness.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Glomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular kidney disease in which the kidneys’ filters become inflamed and scarred, and slowly lose their ability to remove wastes and excess fluid from the blood to make urine.
Endovascular arteriovenous fistulas— are they the answer we haven’t been looking for?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Bynvant Sandhu, Charlie Hill, Mohammad Ayaz Hossain
The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is estimated at 9%. There is a significant disease mortality (41.5%) in these patients[1]. CKD patients who progress to End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) may opt for hemodialysis (HD) as their modality of renal replacement therapy. The Brescia-Cimino fistula has been the preferred method for the provision of vascular access for hemodialysis since its original description over half a century ago [2]. The National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) provides evidence-based guidelines for HD vascular access. The KDOI suggests that arteriovenous access is preferred to a central venous catheter (CVC) in most incident and prevalent HD patients due to the lower infection rates compared with arteriovenous access use [3]. These guidelines, along with initiatives, such as the Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative, have resulted in an estimated 65% arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use in prevalent hemodialysis patients in the US [4]. AVF creation, however, is not without its challenges (Figure 1). Maturation (the development of an adequate size and flow of the cannulation segment of the fistula), can be suboptimal, requiring further procedures. Maturation failures, requirement for re-intervention and patient refusal also limits their utility. Patient refusal may in part be related to the potential requirement for re-interventions to establish and maintain AVF access [5].
Effects of intradialytic exercise on functional capacity in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Aline M. Araujo, Rafael B. Orcy, Natan Feter, Marina K Weymar, Rodrigo K. Cardoso, Maristela Bohlke, Airton J. Rombaldi
The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. In 2017, there was a global registry of 697.5 million all-stage CKD patients, with a 41.5% increase in the overall CKD mortality rate for all ages between 1990 and 2017 (Bikbov et al., 2020). Kidney failure is the most advanced stage of CKD, when the patient becomes dependent on renal replacement therapy (RRT) (Crews et al., 2019; Thomé et al., 2019). Maintenance haemodialysis (HD) is the most used RRT modality for kidney failure (Gonçalves et al., 2015). It maintains body fluid homoeostasis and prevents uraemia by filtering and eliminating accumulated toxins and molecules such as creatinine and urea, being life-sustaining in kidney failure (Crews et al., 2019; Gonçalves et al., 2015; Thomé et al., 2019).
Mathematical and statistical model misspecifications in modelling immune response in renal transplant recipients
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
H. T. Banks, R. A. Everett, Shuhua Hu, Neha Murad, H. T. Tran
Kidneys are an important pair of organs that extract waste from the blood, regulate body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important bodily functions. Blood flows into tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidney, called glomeruli, where the waste is filtered out to become urine. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is often used as an indicator for kidney health and function; it measures the rate at which the kidney clears toxic waste from the blood. A GFR number of 90 or less in adults is used as an indicator for kidney disease [1]. The compound serum creatinine is produced as a by-product of muscle metabolism (breakdown of a product called phosphocreatine in the muscle) and excreted in the urine. A low production of creatinine is an indicator of good renal health and is often used as a surrogate to asses GFR. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also commonly known as chronic kidney failure, is characterized by gradual but progressive loss of kidney function. The fifth stage of CKD, called end stage renal disease (ESRD), occurs when kidney function reduces to less than 15% and leads to permanent kidney failure [1]. Patients with ESRD have two choices of therapy – dialysis or kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation is often chosen since transplants (grafts) can improve survival and lower health care costs compared to dialysis [2]. As of November 2016, there are currently 121,678 people waiting for life-saving organ transplants in the US, of which 100,791 await kidney transplants [1]. Donor kidneys can originate from either living or deceased donors. In 2011–2012, 50.8% of patients who received deceased donor transplants experienced graft failure at 10 years, compared to 34.7% for those receiving a living donor transplant [3].