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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Blood pressure is the force applied to the wall of the arteries as the heart pumps blood to the cells in the body through the arterioles and capillaries. There are two components to a measurement of blood pressure. The first is the maximum pressure exerted when the heart is pumping the blood – the systolic pressure. The second represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest – diastolic pressure. In ‘normal’ people these measurements are recorded as 130/80 mm of Hg. The pulse is due to the fluctuation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Jose Marrugo-Ramírez, L. Karadurmus, Miguel Angel Aroca, Emily P. Nguyen, Cecilia de Carvalho Castro e Silva, Giulio Rosati, Johann F. Osma, Sibel A. Ozkan, Arben Merkoçi
Blood Pressure Monitoring: Blood pressure is considered an indicator for evaluating a person’s health or condition. Blood pressure is a good indicator of potential cardiovascular disorders and circulatory system diseases, requiring constant attention and an effective monitoring system. Especially, high blood pressure can induce major illnesses and ailments such as stroke and heart and kidney disease. The blood pressure also contains numerous information about cardiovascular situations. A wearable device is being developed that can record physiological signals, immediately process them to estimate pulse-to-beat blood pressure, transform it into understandable information adapted to context, and provide feedback to the user (91–92).
Biomedical Imaging Techniques Using AI Systems
Published in Saravanan Krishnan, Ramesh Kesavan, B. Surendiran, G. S. Mahalakshmi, Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, 2021
A. Aafreen Nawresh, S. Sasikala
Sphygmomanometer: A sphygmomanometer is a device that is used to measure blood pressure.5 It consists of an inflatable rubber cuff, wrapped around the arm (Figure 7.6). A measuring device specifies the cuff’s pressure. A bulb inflates the cuff and a valve liberates pressure. A stethoscope is further being used to listen to arterial blood flow sounds. Blood is forced through the arteries as the heart beats and this causes a rise in pressure known as systolic pressure, which is being followed by a decrease in the pressure as the heart ventricles get ready to perform another beat, this low pressure is known as diastolic pressure. The systolic and diastolic pressures are stated as systolic “over” diastolic, which is 120 over 80. Blood flow sounds are known as Korotkoff sound. There are three types of sphygmomanometers: mercury, aneroid, and digital (Figure 7.6). Digital sphygmomanometers are automated to provide blood pressure reading without making someone to operate the manually used cuff or even listen to the sound of blood flow through a stethoscope. Though physicians use a digital sphygmomanometer for testing, they still prefer manual sphygmomanometers for validating the readings in some situations. On the other hand, the manual sphygmomanometers comprise of aneroid and mercury devices. The operation of the aneroid and mercury devices is the same, except for the aneroid device requiring periodic calibration.
Towards a blueprint for decision support in connected health: scenarios in maternal and child health
Published in Journal of Decision Systems, 2022
Richard Harris, Eugene Dempsey, Deirdre Murray, Simon Woodworth, Paidi O’Raghallaigh, Frédéric Adam
An alternative for remote BP monitoring is Home Blood Pressure Monitoring, which commonly consists of patients using an automated device as often as they can – often several times per day. This patient centred approach means measurements can be taken at the patients’ discretion over a long period of time (O’Brien, 2008). This leaves the patient free to choose a convenient time and place to measure BP. There is evidence that long-term HBPM throughout pregnancy could be a much better predictor of pre-eclampsia (Waugh et al., 2001). Early stand-alone HBPM devices used self-reporting and allowed BP measurements to be manipulated by patients and thus automated solutions that upload measurement directly are needed. It is also important to take the opportunity to provide feedback or advice to expectant mothers if they have high BP readings. This can involve all healthcare providers including consultants, nurses and GPs.
The effect of adherence on antihypertensive therapy plans in patients with diabetes
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Saeideh Mirghorbani, Sharif Melouk, John Mittenthal
High blood pressure (BP), or hypertension, is one of the main causes of complications among patients with diabetes. Eight in 10 patients with Type 2 diabetes develop high blood pressure (Egan et al., 2014). Hypertension increases the risk of CVD events, such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. According to Dragomir et al. (2010), CVD costs are among the highest healthcare expenses in industrialized countries. The ADA (2020) standards of clinical care indicate that hypertension control and antihypertensive therapy should be added to lifestyle therapy for diabetic patients. A blood pressure test measures the pressure in the arteries as the heart pumps using an inflatable cuff. The result of this test is presented as two values, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Antihypertensive medications are frequently used to lower SBP and DBP levels.
Automated method for detecting and reading seven-segment digits from images of blood glucose metres and blood pressure monitors
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
E. Finnegan, M. Villarroel, C. Velardo, L. Tarassenko
An individual that is diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure) may be required to take frequent readings of their blood pressure during the day in order to detect unusual patterns. Blood pressure is typically measured using an inflatable cuff that is placed over the upper arm. The blood pressure monitor usually displays three readings: systolic blood pressure, which is the highest blood pressure when the heart contracts; diastolic blood pressure, which is the lowest blood pressure when the heart relaxes; and the heart rate, which is the number of heart beats per minute (bpm). Blood pressure is typically measured in mmHg and can vary depending on age, physical activity, illness and other external factors. The ranges for adults are: systolic 70 to 190 mmHg and diastolic 40 to 100 mmHg [2]. Heart rate can vary from 40 to 200 bpm [3].