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Emerging IoT Applications
Published in Ambikapathy, R. Shobana, Logavani, Dharmasa, Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT, 2022
N. Vedanjali, Pappula Rajasri, Mahima Rajesh, V.R. Anishma, G. Kanimozhi
Chronic kidney disease is one of the key public health issues faced all over the world today. It is characterized by progressive loss of kidney function that delicately leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring a kidney transplant or dialysis [1]. The main function of the kidneys is to remove excess urine and waste from the body. But at times, the kidneys fail to function normally due to other health problems that have resulted in permanent damage of kidneys over time. As damage to the kidneys continues to worsen, it can lead to chronic kidney disease, the last stage of which is described as kidney failure or ESRD [2]. Diabetes and high blood pressure (BP) are two of the foremost causes of kidney failure. Other causes include immune response diseases like lupus and immunoglobulin disorder, genetic diseases like polycystic kidney disease, and urinary tract issues [3].
Membrane Separation Processes
Published in Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont, Water Resource Management Issues, 2019
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
Another important membrane application is dialysis. This technique is used in patients who suffer from kidney failure and can no longer filter waste products (urea) from the blood. In general, RO equipment used for dialysis can reduce ionic contaminants by up to 90%. In this process, the patient’s blood flows in a tubular membrane while a dialysate flows countercurrently on the outside of the feed tube. The concentrations of undesirable salts (e.g., potassium, calcium, urea) are high in the blood (while low or absent in the dialysate). This treatment successfully mimics the filtration capabilities of the kidneys.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
(19 The most prominent use of dialysis membranes is in the treatment of end-stage renal disease, or kidney failure. In this process, low- and intermediate-molecular-weight waste products are removed from the blood of a patient. Hemodialysis represents the largest market for membrane materials, although growth in this market is limited compared to other membrane applications. To a much smaller extent, dialysis is applied in microbiology for enzyme recovery from cultures, in the food industry for desalting cheese whey solids, and in juice and beverage processing.
Kidney-related operations research: A review
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2019
Mahdi Fathi, Marzieh Khakifirooz
According to the annual report of the American Kidney Fund in 2015 (American Kidney Fund n.d.), kidney disease is the ninth leading reason for death in the United States. A predicted 31 million Americans (10% of the adult population) have CKD, and 9 out of 10 Americans who have stage 3 CKD (moderately decreased kidney function) do not identify it. CKD is more prevalent among females than males. Males with CKD are expected to be 50% more likely more to have their CKD turn into kidney failure. Moreover, some nationalities are at higher danger for kidney failure; for example, the risks for African Americans, Native Americans, and Asians are almost 4, 1.5, and 1.4 times higher than white Americans. Hispanics are approximately 1.5 times as expected to be diagnosed with kidney failure in comparison to non-Hispanics. The first and second leading causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure (HBP), representing 44% and 28.4% of all current evidence of kidney disease, respectively. In 2012, diabetes and HBP were the first cause of 239,837 and 159,049 cases of kidney failure patients. An estimated 29.1 million people have diabetes; 8.1 million of them do not know they have it, and around 70 million (29%) people have HBP—that is every one in three American adults. Approximately 40% of people with diabetes can get CKD.
Carnosine in health and disease
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Guilherme Giannini Artioli, Craig Sale, Rebecca Louise Jones
Acute kidney failure is defined as a sudden, sustained impairment of kidney function, typically for periods of 1–7 days, resulting in reduced glomerular filtration rate, urinary volume, electrolyte imbalance and impaired pH regulation. Kidney damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion is a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney failure and it is commonly observed in various clinical conditions, such as recovery from cardiac arrest, kidney transplantation and partial nephrectomy (Thadhani, Pascual, & Bonventre, 1996). Acute kidney failure may also result in acute tubular necrosis and increased renal vascular resistance (Thadhani et al., 1996), thereby being typically accompanied by impaired renal blood flow (Basile, Anderson, & Sutton, 2012). Although the molecular mechanisms underpinning these responses are not fully elucidated, ATP depletion, oxidative damage, phospholipase activation, neutrophil infiltration and exacerbation of adrenergic activation have been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney failure (Basile et al., 2012). Any substance capable of suppressing or attenuating any of the processes involved in its pathogenesis may, therefore, be protective during episodes of acute failure (Fujii et al., 2003), thus reducing the area of the kidney where cells suffer lethal injuries. Reducing lethal injuries to the point of non-lethality is critical for recovery and regeneration (Basile et al., 2012).
Flow analysis in permeable channel with variable wall reabsorption
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Kidneys are bean shaped organs, working day and night, in living beings. By the process of reabsorption the waste materials are removed from the blood. The functional unit of kidney is called the nephrons, which are alike in function and structure. It has two parts, the renal corpuscle and the tubule. The initial blood-filtering part of a nephron is renal corpuscle, which consists of glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. Due to the high blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries, the blood is forced to enter the Bowmans capsule for rapid filtration. The filtrate which enters the Bowmans capsule is known as glomerular filtrate (GF). Renal tubule is the segment after Bowmans capsule, where, most of the materials like glucose, electrolytes and water from GF are reabsorbed across the tubular walls. The rate of reabsorption of glomerular filtrate is approximately 180 liters each day in which 178 liters is reabsorbed per day and the remaining 2 liters becomes urine [1]. If kidneys stop doing their job, the artificial kidneys (dialyser) are used to save life. Life expectancy on dialysis can vary, however, many patients have lived well on dialysis for 20 or even 30 years. The abnormal kidney function can be detected by abnormal volume regulation, electrolyte profiles and the renal imaging. There are numerous renal abnormalities that alter the kidney function and cause diseases. The kidney failure can be caused by glomerular, tubular and vascular diseases. It has been reported in [2] that about out of 50,000 people die each year from kidney diseases, which are well suited to artificial kidney treatment (dialysis) or kidney transplantation. The most common causes of renal failure are high blood pressure, pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy and tubular disorder. Studying tubular disease is a challenging task due to several other diseases such as tubular interstitial injury, allergic interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis and tubular proteinuria. Furthermore, these diseases [3–6] cause abnormal reabsorption due to pore blockage at the walls [7].