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Putative role of multi-omics technologies in the investigation of persistent effects of COVID-19 on vital human organs
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Susmita Ghosh, Akanksha Salkar, Firuza Parikh
SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family, has caused the worldwide pandemic. The average incubation period is five days, and 97.5% of the infected individuals will present symptoms within 11.5 days of infection. It has been reported that approximately 17–35% of the hospitalized patients are treated in ICU. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is the most common cause for admission into ICU (Wiersinga et al. 2020). Viral entry into the host cells is dependent on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2) (Hoffmann et al. 2020). The wide distribution of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors in other vital organs such as the heart, liver, and testis make those more susceptible to viral infection (Beyerstedt et al. 2021). In addition to the common clinical manifestations of the disease, complications such as acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal bleeding, arrhythmias, acute liver injury, and cardiomyopathy have been observed (Figure 8.1). Extensive studies have reported acute hepatic failure, acute kidney injury, and myocardial infarction as consequences of the disease severity (Table 8.1). These findings indicate that understanding the extrapulmonary involvement of SARS-CoV-2 is necessary.
Artificial Intelligence-enabled Automated Medical Prediction and Diagnosis in Trauma Patients
Published in Richard Jiang, Li Zhang, Hua-Liang Wei, Danny Crookes, Paul Chazot, Recent Advances in AI-enabled Automated Medical Diagnosis, 2022
Lianyong Li, Changqing Zhong, Gang Wang, Wei Wu, Yuzhu Guo, Zheng Zhang, Bo Yang, Xiaotong Lou, Ke Li, Fleming Yang
Patients with severe trauma or burns are at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Early recognition of AKI helps guide the selection and dosage adjustment of fluid resuscitation and nephrotoxic drugs in these populations. Unfortunately, traditional biomarkers of renal function, such as creatinine and urine output (UOP), have proven to be suboptimal in predicting AKI. New AKI biomarkers have been proposed, but their application is still limited. Studies have shown that when machine learning was used in combination with neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), NT-proBNP or creatinine, the ability to predict acute kidney injury was further enhanced [29, 30].
Cardiovascular Disease and Oxidative Stress
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Marco Fernandes, Alisha Patel, Holger Husi
Other mitochondria-targeting drugs, such as derivatives of triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) (Leo et al., 2008) and resembling MitoQ’s mode of action, include MitoE (conjugating α-tocopherol i.e. vitamin E with TPP+) (26447154) and MitoTEMPOL, a piperidine nitroxides derivative(Trnka et al., 2009) that promotes recovery in sepsis induced by acute kidney injury (AKI) in rat models (Sims et al., 2014). SkQ1, a cationic plastoquinone derivative (Antonenko et al., 2008), also known as Visomitin, has shown effective protection to corneal damage in a multicentre clinical trial (Brzheskiy et al., 2015), and promising use against age-associated cardiomyopathy in mice (Manskikh et al., 2015).
A novel hybrid deep learning architecture for predicting acute kidney injury using patient record data and ultrasound kidney images
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2021
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden onset of kidney damage that happens within a few hours or days when damaged kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the blood (Makris and Spanou 2016). AKI is usually an unexpected episode that is hard for doctors to predict if no occurrences of it have happened before. Due to its unforeseeability and consequences, AKI is hard to prepare for and prevent. Once AKI begins, critical care is needed as the disease can be fatal and requires immediate attention, so diagnosis of the condition needs to be performed quickly and accurately. The majority of cases are emergencies that require hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) care (Chertow et al. 2005, November 1). In fact, in the ICU, AKI patient mortality rate often exceeds 60%. AKI alone in the United States costs more than $10 billion in annual health expenditures (Silver et al. 2017).
Protective and curative role of Spirulina platensis extracts on cisplatin induce acute kidney injury in rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Mahmoud M. Zakaria, Fatma Mohamed Mansour El-Tantawy, Sherry Mohamed Khater, Safaa A. Derbala, Verginia Mohamed El-Metwally Farag, Abdel-Aziz Fatouh Abdel-Aziz
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)) is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic antitumor drugs used in clinical practice for treatment of solid tumors in lung, head and neck, ovarian, and urinary bladder cancer. Cisplatin activates apoptotic pathway and inflicts cellular damage via oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the use of cisplatin is frequently limited by various significant side effects such as bone marrow suppression, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity [1]. More than 25% of treated patients develop acute nephrotoxicity after receiving cisplatin. Actually, kidneys are the major targets for the toxic effects of various chemical agents and thus drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent entity in clinical medicine that is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decrease in renal function together with the accumulation of waste products such as urea. It is known also as an independent risk factor for mortality that increases the risk of death by 10–15 fold and results in a mortality rate up to 50% [1–3]. In addition, the increases in circulating kidney neutrophils with AKI are in concert with a decrease in kidney function are found in cisplatin-treated patients [4–7].
Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in endurance sports: A systematic review
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Jennifer Crowe, Rafael Timón, Guillermo J. Olcina
On the other hand, acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a deterioration of renal functionality over a relatively short period of time (hours to days) (Hoffman & Weiss, 2016). The literature indicates that AKI, among other causes, can be a consequence of muscle damage resulting from physical exercise. Between 4% and 33% of the cases of ER could lead to or be accompanied by AKI, understood as ER + AKI complex in endurance athletes (Chatzizisis, Misirli, Hatzitolios, & Giannoglou, 2008). For the diagnostic confirmation of AKI, the elevation of renal damage markers such as myoglobin (MB), serum creatinine (S-Cr) and creatinine-albumin ratio (S-Creatinine-BUN) is usually evaluated (Hernández-Contreras et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015). Likewise, cystatin-C (Cyst C) levels (Colombini et al., 2012) and the calculation of glomerular filtration (eGFR) are also used. For diagnosis purposes, the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria proposes five classes (Lopes & Jorge, 2013): risk of renal injury (S-Cr increases 1.5 times, lesion (S-Cr increases 2 times), failure (S-Cr increases 3 times or values >4 mg/dL), loss of kidney function (complete loss of function for more than 4 weeks), and end-stage kidney disease (loss of kidney function for >3 months). Alternatively, the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) classification considers AKI to occur when at least one of the following conditions are met in the previous 48 h: (a) absolute increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL, (b) increase of 1.5 times above the baseline or 3) oliguria (urination <0.5 mL/kg per hour per >6 h) (Lopes & Jorge, 2013).