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CNT-Based Bio-Nanocomposite as Electrochemical Sensors
Published in Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Advances in Nanostructured Composites, 2019
S.K. Suja, G. Jayanthi Kalaivani
A biosensor is said to be efficient based on 3S concept. They are sensitivity, selectivity and stability. For example, a glucose biosensor should be sensitive in the concentration range from few μM to 15 mM as 6 mM glucose concentration in blood is considered to be normal whereas 7 mM or higher indicates diabetic condition. Similarly, a cholesterol biosensor is said to be efficient only when it exhibits sensitivity in the concentration range 2.5 mm to 10 mM. If the level of cholesterol in blood is < 5 mM, it is said to be risk-free while a level > 6 mM is dangerous and referred to as hypercholesterolemia. Under normal conditions, the urea concentration in the blood lies between 2.5–6.7 mM (15–40 mg/dl) while pathophysiological range covers 30–150 mM (180–900 mg/dl). The normal level of creatinine concentration in blood is found to be 0.7–1.4 mg/dL. If the level exceeds, it leads to chronic kidney disease. Thus, accurate monitoring of all these biomarkers is important in early diagnosis of diseases.
Recent Development of Hemodialysis Membrane Materials
Published in Stephen Gray, Toshinori Tsuru, Yoram Cohen, Woei-Jye Lau, Advanced Materials for Membrane Fabrication and Modification, 2018
Muhammad Irfan, Masooma Irfan, Ani Idris, Ghani ur Rehman
The creatinine (MW: 113.12 g/mol) and urea (MW: 60.06 g/mol) levels are the conventional identifiers used to evaluate the severity of the uremic syndrome (Mavroidis, 2006). The amount of creatinine in normal serum is 0.8–1.4 mg/dl and 0.56–1 mg/dl in men and women, respectively. When the creatinine level reaches 5.0 mg/dl in blood serum, it indicates that the kidney functions have been severely damaged and the patient needs kidney therapy (Ejaz et al., 2016).
Toxicokinetics: Toxicants Into, Around, and Out of the Body
Published in Ronald Scott, of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
A high clearance value is displayed by a substance that is cleared rapidly from the blood. A comparison of the expected clearance of a compound (such as creatinine) regularly appearing in urine with the present clearance in a particular subject provides a measure of the operating efficiency, and thus the health, of the kidney.
Beneficial effects of mate-herb, Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. against potassium dichromate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Ana Luíza Muccillo-Baisch, Fernando Rafael de Moura, Júlia Oliveira Penteado, Caroline Lopes Feijó Fernandes, Eduarda Costa Bueno, Edariane Menestrino Garcia, Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
Creatinine levels are also used clinically to assess kidney function. Data demonstrated that plasma creatinine for Group II was markedly different in relation to Group I, noting a higher concentration of creatinine per mg/dl in the plasma. Group II also showed higher concentrations compared to Groups IV and VI and to Groups III and V (Table 2). Exposure to PD raised creatinine levels in blood plasma only in animals that were not treated with chimarrão. Data suggest, consequently, that consumption of the beverage may be useful to inhibit damage to renal GFR resulting from exposure to PD. It is noteworthy that Rocha et al. (2018) administration of chimarrão to rats with diabetes mellitus this beverage lowered serum levels of plasma creatinine, indicating renal function improvement.
Real-time liquid crystal-based creatinine sensor using a micro-patterned flexible substrate
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2021
Chih-Teng Lin, Wen-Tung Hsu, Shug-June Hwang
Scientific and technological progress and increased global economic integration have improved the standard of living in many regions of the world. This improvement, combined with changes in eating habits, has led to an increase in numerous chronic diseases. Two of these diseases, diabetes and hypertension, have become increasingly common and can easily lead to secondary renal dysfunction. Creatinine is an important indicator used for determining abnormal renal and muscular function [1–3]. Generally, the creatinine concentration ranges from 40 μM to 150 μM in healthy human body fluids and 1000 μM or more in patients with renal dysfunction. Many techniques have been developed to detect creatinine, such as spectrophotometric methods based on the Jaffe reaction or enzymatic colorimetry [3–5], potentiometric and amperometric detection systems [1,6–9], LC-based sensors [10], and others. However, most of these methods are restrictive. For example, colorimetric methods are unreliable in the presence of certain drugs and metabolites in biological samples, and enzymatic assays are costly, complex, and time-consuming. Although potentiometric and amperometric detection systems offer high sensitivity, excellent operational stability, and fast response time, the operating systems are complex and lack portability, limiting their universal use. Therefore, developing a new label-free biosensor, which is simple, easy to use, and creatine-specific, is crucial.