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Kidney Function and Uremia
Published in Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy, Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
Urine flow rate (V˙) = 0.8 mL/min GFR=Cinulin×VPinulin.=107mL/min An average normal person has an approximate GFR of 125 mL/min, and this depends on the surface area of filtration. In females, after correction of surface area, GFR is 10% lower than in males. An interesting aspect to note regarding the filtration capacity of the human body is its ability to reabsorb nutrients during the process. A GFR of 125 mL/min would indicate processing of 180 L/day, but urine output is only 1 L/day. This indicates that 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the filtration mechanism.
Rationalizing of Morphological Renal Parameters and eGFR for Chronic Kidney Disease Detection
Published in J. Dinesh Peter, Steven Lawrence Fernandes, Carlos Eduardo Thomaz, Advances in Computerized Analysis in Clinical and Medical Imaging, 2019
Deepthy Mary Alex, D. Abraham Chandy, Anand Paul
Another alternative to the problem stated is to estimate GFR instead of measuring GFR. It has been found that the most common method for estimating GFR is based on creatinine. It is seen that when GFR decreases, the plasma concentration of creatinine increases thereby giving a rough indicator that the kidneys are impaired. Even though this method is often used, it has its own drawbacks too. It is proved that the plasma concentration of creatinine depends on the muscle mass, age, sex, weight, height, etc. Hence, it is an open question as to which creatinine equation yields an accurate estimate of GFR in different situations and different orders.
Chapter 6 Radioisotopes and Nuclear Medicine
Published in B H Brown, R H Smallwood, D C Barber, P V Lawford, D R Hose, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The kidneys clear waste products from our bodies and, if we are not to be poisoned by our own waste, need to function properly. Many substances are filtered from the blood through the glomerulus in the kidney and an important indicator of kidney function is the rate at which such substances are removed, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This can be measured by injecting a radiolabelled substance which is filtered by the kidney and not reabsorbed or metabolized in any way, and measuring the clearance of this substance. A suitable substance is ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) labelled with 51Cr.
Mathematical and statistical model misspecifications in modelling immune response in renal transplant recipients
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
H. T. Banks, R. A. Everett, Shuhua Hu, Neha Murad, H. T. Tran
Kidneys are an important pair of organs that extract waste from the blood, regulate body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important bodily functions. Blood flows into tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidney, called glomeruli, where the waste is filtered out to become urine. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is often used as an indicator for kidney health and function; it measures the rate at which the kidney clears toxic waste from the blood. A GFR number of 90 or less in adults is used as an indicator for kidney disease [1]. The compound serum creatinine is produced as a by-product of muscle metabolism (breakdown of a product called phosphocreatine in the muscle) and excreted in the urine. A low production of creatinine is an indicator of good renal health and is often used as a surrogate to asses GFR. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also commonly known as chronic kidney failure, is characterized by gradual but progressive loss of kidney function. The fifth stage of CKD, called end stage renal disease (ESRD), occurs when kidney function reduces to less than 15% and leads to permanent kidney failure [1]. Patients with ESRD have two choices of therapy – dialysis or kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation is often chosen since transplants (grafts) can improve survival and lower health care costs compared to dialysis [2]. As of November 2016, there are currently 121,678 people waiting for life-saving organ transplants in the US, of which 100,791 await kidney transplants [1]. Donor kidneys can originate from either living or deceased donors. In 2011–2012, 50.8% of patients who received deceased donor transplants experienced graft failure at 10 years, compared to 34.7% for those receiving a living donor transplant [3].