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Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
At its simplest, the lymphatic system is composed of lymph fluid, vessels that carry the fluid, lymph nodes that act as filters, and lymphatic organs, for example, the spleen. Unlike the circular circulatory system, the lymphatic system is a “blunt-ended” linear system (Choi et al., 2012). It drains lymph—a collection of excess tissue fluids, leaked plasma proteins, and “debris from cellular decomposition and infection”—from the spaces between cells (Moore, Dalley, & Agur, 2014, p. 43). Edema, any collection of fluid in soft tissues of the skin and the tissue spaces beneath the skin, causes swelling. It increases pressure in the tissues. The tiny, thin-walled, lymph capillaries are the first segments of the lymphatic drainage vessels. They respond to changes in pressure, opening to drain the increased fluid (edema), along with wastes (Choi et al., 2012). Forbes (1938) defined the anatomy and drainage patterns of the lymphatic capillaries in the skin. See the left side of Figure 2.18 which illustrates the normal network of skin lymphatic capillaries.
Physical properties of the body fluids and the cell membrane
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Edema is an excess extracellular fluid and is caused either by too much filtration of fluid from the capillaries as just discussed, a failure to drain this excess fluid from the interstitium, or retention of salt and water as a result of impaired kidney function. Edema can also be caused by intracellular accumulation of fluid as a result of cellular metabolic problems or inflammation. In these cases either the sodium ion pumps are impaired (see Section 3.10) or the cell membrane permeability to sodium is increased. In either case, the excess sodium in the cell causes osmosis of water into the cell.
Pathology
Published in John A Plumb, Health Maintenance Of Cultured Fishes, 1994
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluids in body cavities or in the interstitial spaces of tissues and organs which causes swelling to occur. Edema is characterized by the presence of yellow fluid in the abdominal cavity or watery, gelatinous material in tissues. There are four types of edema that occur in fish: (1) ascites edema is the accumulation of fluid in the body cavity caused by dysfunction of the heart, liver, or kidney and gives affected fish a “pot-bellied” appearance. (2) Pitting edema is the presence of fluid in connective tissues thus giving the fish a swollen appearance. When pressure is applied on the skin, the indentation will remain. (3) Lepidorthosis edema is associated with pitting edema. The accumulation of fluid in the scale pockets causes the scales to be pushed away from the body surface. (4) Exophthalmia results from the accumulation of fluid in the eye socket which causes protrusion of the eyeball and gives the fish a “popeyed” appearance.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a slaughterhouse worker: A case report
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Elena Vasileiou, Paschalis Ntolios, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Theodoros Constantinidis, Evangelia Nena
A 60-year old, white/Caucasian, male presented to the Respiratory Outpatient Unit of our Institution, with progressively worsening dyspnea and nonproductive cough over the preceding 6 months. On presentation, the patient was alert, oriented and tempo-spatially collaborative. He was hydrated and afebrile, with a respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, blood pressure 135/75 mmHg and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) 95% while breathing room air. Pulmonary auscultation revealed bilateral, fine “Velcro” crackles while the cardiac auscultation and abdominal examination were normal. He had no palpable lymphadenopathy or peripheral edema, and rest of physical examination was normal. His medical history included only a number of episodes of flu-like symptoms that subsided without specific treatment in the past. A detailed occupational history was obtained, where he mentioned that he has been working in a sheep/goat slaughterhouse for the last 25 years. He did not have a pet and he did not report any hobbies or contact with animals in his free time, although he lived in a rural setting with his elderly mother. He was nonsmoker but reported a moderate consumption of alcohol.
Should we overcome the resistance to bioelectrical impedance in heart failure?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Stephen J. Hankinson, Charles H. Williams, Van-Khue Ton, Stephen S. Gottlieb, Charles C. Hong
BIVA, while limited to observational studies, may be useful to screen for peripheral edema in the ambulatory setting, aid with monitoring volume removal, and improve diagnostic accuracy of acute HF with inconclusive BNP levels (e.g. obesity). Considering observational studies are inherently limited by selection and confounding biases, observational findings should be viewed as hypothesis generating rather than definitive [67]. Therefore, RCTs are needed to evaluate BIVA-guided medical management in patients with acute and chronic HF. Leg BI, while not extensively studied in HF, has the potential to act as a surrogate for BIVA in assessing peripheral edema. Therefore, BIVA and LI may be useful as simple, noninvasive methods to screen for peripheral edema in outpatients with HF, particularly when clinicians are unable to detect peripheral edema on physical exam. Bioreactance, while validated in septic shock, has not been validated in cardiogenic shock; however, future observational studies and RCTs could investigate bioreactance-guided medical management of HF.
Simulating cerebral edema and delayed fatality after traumatic brain injury using triphasic swelling biomechanics
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Andrew V. Basilio, Peng Xu, Yukou Takahashi, Toshiyuki Yanaoka, Hisaki Sugaya, Gerard A. Ateshian, Barclay Morrison
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major contributor of mortality and morbidity after motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). In 2013, 21.5% of TBI-related hospitalizations were attributed to MVCs (Taylor et al. 2017). In the quest to reduce the societal costs of MVCs, finite element (FE) models have contributed to our understanding of injury causation as well as aided in the design of improved safety systems for both occupants and vulnerable road users. A family of FE models has been developed by the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) that includes structures of the entire human body, including a detailed mesh of the head and brain. The GHBMC model has been validated at both the component and whole-model levels to support its biofidelic, dynamic response (Arun et al. 2015). The current use of FE models in the automotive industry focuses on predicting stress and strain during the accident itself to predict primary injury; contemporary models have not been used to simulate delayed brain swelling from edema that occurs after the impact on the time-scale of hours to days. Over 70% of severe TBI patients (GCS ≤ 8) experience cerebral edema leading to increased intracranial pressure (ICP), and elevated ICP is highly associated with poor outcome and increased mortality (Balestreri et al. 2006). By simulating cerebral edema, it may be possible to improve prediction of mortality during this sub-acute phase to inform the design of novel safety systems.