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Biotechnology Development in Nigeria
Published in Sylvia Uzochukwu, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Arinze Stanley Okoli, Emeka Godfrey Nwoba, Christpeace Nwagbo Ezebuiro, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Biosafety and Bioethics in Biotechnology, 2022
A. Akpa, N. C. Ezebuiro, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Christie Onyia, Abdulrazak Ibrahim
Recombinant DNA is the term applied to chimeric DNA molecules that are constructed in vitro, then propagated in a host cell or organism. The basic recombinant DNA consists of a vector and an insert. The vector is a replicon capable of replicating in the cells of choice. It is endowed with a functional replication origin. The replication origin usually carries a selectable marker, and is typically engineered to conveniently accommodate inserts. Vectors are based on naturally occurring replicons, such as bacterial plasmids, viruses, or cellular chromosomes. Inserts can be of any sort—long or short segments of DNA, from natural or synthetized sources. The resulting recombinant DNAs are often referred to as recombinant clones, which is shorthand for chimeric DNAs that are isolated in cellular or viral clones; and the process of producing these recombinants is frequently called DNA cloning or gene cloning (Phuc, 2018).
Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Manufacturing the r-protein in microbial system is transforming science. The biggest advantage of recombinant DNA technology is the development of the microbial proteins used for human therapeutics such as hormones, growth factors and antibodies. The advantages of microorganisms over available sources is that they are easy to handle, they have high division rate and the production yield is high. Microorganisms produce a large number of essential products such as carbohydrates polymers (macromolecules), nuclei acids, protein, and small molecules. The recombinant proteins have many applications, such as that they are used in molecular biology laboratories and some are used in research projects. The vectors used for the production of r-proteins are divided into two classes based on the size of the recombinant protein:
Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and its Bioremediation
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Swagata Mukhopadhyay, R.K. Swetha, Somsubhra Chakraborty
Recombinant DNA technology has been used to alter the genetic materials of microorganisms or plants to create genetically modified microorganisms or plants, more efficient and specific than the previous versions (Sayler and Ripp 2000). They are important as their ability to sustain in the adverse condition is more than the normal strain, the development of “microbial biosensor” is possible which can be used to detect the contamination accurately in a short periods of time, and many microorganisms associated with plants can increase the rate of bioremediation by increasing the rate of phytochelation and degradation of the metals (Divya et al. 2011). Genetically modified E. coli and Moreaxella sp. can accumulate 25 times more Cd and Hg than their wild type expressing a gene phytochelatin 20 on the cell surface (Bae et al. 2001, 2003). Following genetic modification, P. fluorescens expresses Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) and E. coli expresses Hg2+ transporter which increases removal of Ni and Hg, respectively (Zhao et al. 2005, Lopez et al. 2002, Sriprang et al. 2003). The problem is that the genetically engineered microorganisms face competition with the native microorganisms for survival (Wu et al. 2006).
A novel circular approach to analyze the challenges associated with micro-nano plastics and their sustainable remediation techniques
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Tejaswini Mssr, Pankaj Pathak, Lakhveer Singh, Deep Raj, D. K. Gupta
In the proposed sustainable model, biochemical methods acclaim the remediation of NPs that are generated from various sources as shown in Figure 3(A). On the other hand, the biotechnological method can remediate the MPs present in sludge, sewage, wastewater and leachate from municipal solid waste (Figure 3(B)). Bioremediation of MPs would involve the use of modern biotechnological tools as well as the application of system biology. With the help of data mining and databases, it would be easy to identify the gene/DNA which has the maximum potential for degrading the MPs. After the identification and isolation of the desired gene, it will be transferred into the suitable host organism using recombinant DNA technology. The genetic engineering tools will ultimately help in the high production of enzymes.
Data Ethics in Digital Health and Genomics
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Data-centric digital life sciences have enabled biologists to develop techniques to stretch the frontiers of humankind with new ethical challenges. Inserting or deleting certain genes from organisms using recombinant DNA technologies is routine in life science research but never applied to humans because of ethical concerns. The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2013 decision on Myriad Genetics ruled against the ability to patent human-based DNA while ruling for the ability to patent cDNA (synthetic products of complementary DNA molecules; Burk 2014). As a recently developed technique, CRISPR has allowed DNA to be tailored in much higher resolution (Doudna and Charpentier 2014) and brought its developers the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. However, CRISPR’s application on humans was also forbidden due to ethical issues as no certainty exists regarding all the consequences. Nevertheless, one researcher conducted that technique without any ethical permission, and the first genetically modified babies were born a few years ago in China (Cyranoski 2019).
Challenges and advancements in the pharmacokinetic enhancement of therapeutic proteins
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Farnaz Khodabakhsh, Morteza Salimian, Mohammad Hossein Hedayati, Reza Ahangari Cohan, Dariush Norouzian
Recently, blood coagulation factors, hormones, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies have been popularly used in the treatment of human disorders. Medical application of proteins has further expanded with the advent of recombinant DNA technology as recombinant proteins are now considered as main regimens in therapeutic protocols.[1] However, based on complications related to the therapeutic proteins, in vivo administration of proteins are often encountered with some limitations that restrict their clinical applications. Like chemical drugs, therapeutic proteins must reach a specific plasma range, called the therapeutic window, to show the beneficial effects, and therefore, their efficacies mainly depend on the residence time in the body. Unfortunately, proteins have a rapid clearance from the body based on intrinsic structural instability and body environment. The elementary solution for solving this problem was frequent administrations of proteins at specific intervals to achieve the therapeutic goal. However, frequent administration increases both therapy costs and by-stander effects that finally lead to low patient compliance.[2] Moreover, dose enhancement cannot be used for the compensation of short in vivo half-life of proteins because it remarkably leads to an increase in the side-effects.[3] Therefore, many attempts have been carried out to extend the plasma half-life of therapeutic proteins through different approaches. Since information about the metabolic pathways of protein is essential and gives us a better comprehensive understanding of the half-life of proteins in the body, the following section describes these pathways in detail.