China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Somasundaram Ambiga, Raja Suja Pandian, Lazarus Vijune Lawrence, Arjun Pandian, Ramu Arun Kumar, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
Obesity is defined as the unwanted accumulation of body fat and white adipose tissue (WAT), which inhibits the secretion of cytokines in adipose tissue and leads to a variety of other disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol and stroke (Namvar et al., 2012). Thermogenesis plays an important role in the regulation of the mechanisms of obesity. Similarly, administration of algae to rats reduced plasma leptin and epididymal adipose tissue levels (Grasa-López et al., 2016). In addition, algae significantly reduced adipocyte size, fasting blood sugar and insulin levels in obese rats (Gammone and D’Orazio, 2015). Algae with fucoxanthin inhibited fat absorption and serum triglyceride levels in an in vivo model and have also been shown to have anti-obesity effects in mice (Kang et al., 2012).
Applications of Biomaterials in Soft Tissue Replacement
Published in Yaser Dahman, Biomaterials Science and Technology, 2019
Fat tissues, also known as adipose tissues, are composed of lipid filled cells referred to as adipocytes, along with fibroblasts and immune cells. They have an extensive network of collagenous extracellular matrices (ECM) that are infiltrated by blood vessels (Alkhouli, 2013). Adipose tissue can be found all over the body and are responsible for cushioning and protecting organs and structures, thermal insulation, as well as the storage of surplus triglycerides to be used as energy. Adipose tissue is a connective tissue that is characterized by high expandability, which is proportional to obesity. Triglycerides make up the majority of the volume of adipose tissue as well as approximately 85% of the tissue’s weight (Alkhouli, 2013). Levels of collagen in adipose vary depending on the expandability of the tissues. Not many studies out there examine the mechanical properties of adipose tissue; most research seems to be focused on the behavioural side of adipose tissue when it undergoes expansion or compression (Alkhouli, 2013).
Cellular Biology in Tissue Engineering
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Adipose tissue represents a vast and accessible source of adult stem cells with the potential to differentiate along multiple lineage pathways. There are at least five different types of adipose tissue that exist: mammary, white, bone marrow, mechanical, and brown.32 Each of these serves an important distinct biological function. For example, in the bone marrow, adipose tissue serves a dual role: both a passive and active role. Brown adipose tissue is thermogenic, which means that it generates heat through the expression of unique proteins that short-circuits the mitochondrial gradient.32 During infancy, brown tissue is found in all the major organs, but then disappears in adulthood.32 Mammary tissue provides nutrients and energy during lactation via pregnancy hormones. Mechanical tissue provides support to the eye, hand, and other pivotal structures. Finally, white adipose tissue functions by storing energy and providing insulation to the body. The discovery of the various types of adipose stem cells has brought forth a greater appreciation of these tissues and their functional role in the body.
Poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel scaffolds with multiscale porosity for culture of human adipose-derived stem cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Haley H. Barnett, Abitha M. Heimbuck, India Pursell, Rachel A. Hegab, Benjamin J. Sawyer, Jamie J. Newman, Mary E. Caldorera-Moore
A significant portion of stem cell research has involved the use of immortalized or primary murine cell models for metabolic, pharmaceutical, and regenerative medical studies. While murine and other rodent models are invaluable, they fail to accurately mimic human physiology and pathology at the cellular and molecular levels. Due to inter-species biological variability these stem cell sources will ultimately fail to achieve clinical translational milestones. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are a promising, reliable cell source because they can be directly harvested from the patient’s own adipose tissue making them patient-specific and clinically relevant. Human ASCs are an abundant source of adult multipotent stem cells [14]. This cell source can be easily and readily harvested from patients through minimally invasive lipoaspiration and are present in larger quantities when compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [15,16]. Like mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells are easily maintained in culture and have the potential to be directed towards osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic lineages making them an ideal cell source for autologous tissue scaffolds [15,17].
Intestinal Metabolism and Bioaccumulation of Sucralose In Adipose Tissue In The Rat
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Volker Bornemann, Stephen C. Werness, Lauren Buslinger, Susan S. Schiffman
The finding that sucralose remains in the body for an extended period of time after termination of administration is consistent with exposure to other organochlorine compounds that exhibit long-term storage in adipose tissue (Jackson et al. 2017). Adipose tissue is involved in a large number of metabolic and regulatory processes including endocrine functions (Greenberg and Obin 2006; Jansen et al. 2017). Organochlorine compounds were found to modulate adipose tissue metabolism including increasing preadipocyte proliferation (Chapados et al. 2012). The chemical safety and health impacts of sucralose retention in fat tissue have yet to be evaluated in controlled human studies. Further studies are needed to determine if there are long-lasting effects of sucralose retention in adipose tissue and to low level, long-term release.
From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Florence Lee, David A Lawrence
One of the main reasons why obesity is such a public health concern is that abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) houses activated innate and adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and macrophages, and without proper regulation, these cells induce inflammation producing systemic effects. Multiple immune cell types naturally reside in adipose tissue; however, in obese humans and diet-induced obese mice, the immune cells are more abundant and are activated and induce inflammation (Cildir, Akıncılar, and Tergaonkar 2013). The elevation in WAT-activated immune cells is correlated with increased risk of type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Based upon an immunological perspective, the enlargement of adipose tissue is markedly correlated with the number of type-1 macrophages (M1; classically activated), CD4+ Th1 and Th17 cells, and CD8+ T cells that preferentially enhance inflammatory responses. Obesity also increases macrophage numbers and inflammation in the placenta (Myatt and Maloyan 2016), which relates to offspring exhibiting elevated prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes later in life (De Rosa et al. 2015).