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Minimally Invasive Microneedle Sensors Developments in Wearable Healthcare Devices
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Akshay Krishnakumar, Ganesh Kumar Mani, Raghavv Raghavender Suresh, Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy, Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya, John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that initiates inflammatory reactions and affects the myelin sheath covering of neurons in the brain (Compston and Coles 2008). This reaction subsequently leads to motor, sensory problems, and tremors. The manifestations of upper limb tremors are inturn used by clinicians to comment on the degree of MS of patients. However, such observations are affected by subjectivity and are more prone to errors. In this context, Teufl et al. (Teufl et al. 2017) reported monitoring of upper limb tremors using wrist-worn tri-axial accelerometers and hence comment on the degree of MS associated with patients. The group performed analysis on 12 individuals with self-reported MS and confirmed upper limb tremors by analyzing frequency components (if any) between 3 to 15 Hz via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique and changes in acceleration in two out of three directions. The results obtained from the method adopted were correlated with a therapist and high sensitivity and specificity characteristics were reported (Teufl et al. 2017).
Thermal Comfort and Gender, Age, Geographical Location and for People with Disabilities
Published in Ken Parsons, Human Thermal Comfort, 2019
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that can affect the brain and spinal cord, causing a wide range of potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance. MS is a lifelong condition that can sometimes cause serious disability, although it can occasionally be mild. It is most commonly diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s (and in northern cooler climates) although it can develop at any age. It is about 2–3 times more common in women than men. MS is one of the most common causes of disability in younger adults. The symptoms of MS vary widely from person to person and can affect any part of the body. The main symptoms include: fatigue; difficulty walking; vision problems, such as blurred vision; problems controlling the bladder; numbness or tingling in different parts of the body; muscle stiffness and spasms; problems with balance and co-ordination; problems with thinking, learning and planning.
Application of Data Mining Techniques in Autoimmune Diseases Research and Treatment
Published in Shampa Sen, Leonid Datta, Sayak Mitra, Machine Learning and IoT, 2018
Sweta Bhattacharya, Sombuddha Sengupta
In this disease, the inherent immune system attacks the body's central nervous system (CNS), damaging the myelin sheath underlining nerve cells and oligodendrocytes. The main damage is done by the T cells, which enter the CNS through the blood vessels and produce inflammatory and degenerative changes.58,59 The exact reason as to why these T cells become active against the CNS is still unknown and intense research is still in progress. This ailment comprises four main types: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), and progressing relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS).60 This is indeed a complex disease as there seems to be no solid reason as to why this disease appears. Due to its mysterious origin, there are no specific diagnostic tests allocated for this disease. The main tests employed to detect this are MRI, lumber puncture, evoked potential testing, etc.61 The common symptoms include paralysis, numbness, erectile dysfunction, pregnancy problems, slurred speech, muscle spasticity, etc.
Application device for THC:CBD oromucosal spray in the management of resistant spasticity: pre-production testing
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Paloma Montero-Escribano, Carlos Vila Silván
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a predominantly autoimmune and, particularly in its later course, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The involvement of multiple functional systems results in a wide range of symptoms of which motor impairment is among the most frequent [1]. Up to three-quarters of patients with motor impairment will experience spasticity (muscle rigidity, spasms, and restricted dexterity) which can affect both upper and lower limbs [2]. MS spasticity (MSS) frequently contributes to mobility restrictions and limits patients’ ability to carry out everyday activities [3], resulting in loss of autonomy and reduced quality of life [4,5].
Methodology to evaluate temperature changes in multiple sclerosis patients by calculating texture features from infrared thermography images
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2022
Sandra Pérez-Buitrago, Sara Tobón-Pareja, Yeraldín Gómez-Gaviria, Adriana Guerrero-Peña, Gloria Díaz-Londoño
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative and autoimmune disease characterised by the occurrence of demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). It affects around 2.3 million people worldwide [1], mainly women [2], and it usually begins between the ages of 20 and 40. It has a variable prevalence around the globe, from 100/100,000 inhabitants in North America and Europe to 2/100,000 inhabitants in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa [3]. In Latin America and the Caribbean, its prevalence ranges from 1 to 69 per 100,000 inhabitants, with 69/100,000 in Puerto Rico, 38/100,000 in Argentina, 30/100,000 in Mexico [4], and 1 to 16 per 100,000 in Colombia [5].
Long term multiple sclerosis drug delivery using dendritic polyglycerol flower-like microspheres
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Priscila Veloso da Silva, Alvaro Antonio Alencar de Queiroz
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and chronic disease characterized by neurons demyelinating and formation of sclerotic lesions within the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination occurs due to the inflammatory process and it is disabling over time. Although its origin and development have been little known, it is believed to occur in people at specific age and due to genetics and environmental factors. It is mediated for immunology cells, such as auto-reactive T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) causing a severe inflammatory process [1–3].