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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The haematopoietic system is the body organs and tissues involved in the formation and functioning of blood elements and includes the bone marrow and spleen. An adult has approximately 5 litres of blood in the body. A new-born baby has only 300 ml (80 ml per kg body weight). Blood is composed of cells (45%) and plasma (55%). Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, which is found in cavities of bones. Blood cells can be divided into red and white blood cells and platelets.
Introductory ODE Model
Published in William E. Schiesser, ODE/PDE Analysis of Multiple Myeloma, 2020
The following background statement from [1] defines the term multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes (lymph cells) are one of the main types of white blood cells in the immune system and include T cells and B cells. Lymphocytes are in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream.When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body attack and kill germs. Plasma cells, are found mainly in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones. In addition to plasma cells, normal bone marrow is also the home for other blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets.In general, when plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, this is called multiple myeloma. The plasma cells make an abnormal protein (antibody) known by several different names, including monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal protein (M-protein), M-spike, or paraprotein.
Reference Individuals Defined for External and Internal Radiation Dosimetry
Published in Shaheen A. Dewji, Nolan E. Hertel, Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2019
One other important change in the definition of the ICRP Reference Adult Male and Adult Female between Publications 23 and 89 is the assignment of reference masses for bone marrow. In ICRP Publication 23, reference masses for total bone marrow were assigned as 3000 g in the adult male and 2600 g in the adult female. Each of these masses was further partitioned 50/50 into red bone marrow (now called active marrow) and yellow bone marrow (now called inactive marrow). Thus, there were 1500 g and 1300 g of active marrow assigned to the Reference Adult Male and Reference Adult Female, respectively. In Publication 89, references masses of active and inactive bone marrow for the Reference Adult Male are assigned as 1170 g and 2480 g, respectively (3650 g in total), and for the Reference Adult Female are assigned as 900 g and 1800 g, respectively (2700 g in total). These changes reflect, in part, a better understanding of the ratio of active to total bone marrow (marrow cellularity or marrow cellularity factor, CF) in different bones of the skeleton. Again, ICRP Publication 89 provides explicit reference values for marrow masses as a function of age and gender, whereas only adult values were reported in ICRP Publication 23.
The hemostatic effect and wound healing of novel collagen-containing polyester dressing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Collagen and polyester are two biocompatible and biodegradable materials that have been extensively studied. Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein and essential component of connective tissues. Polyester, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), has excellent mechanical properties, making it an attractive material for tissue engineering. Collagen-polyester composite materials have been investigated as a promising approach for wound healing and regeneration. A study by Chen et al. (2020) reported that a collagen-PCL scaffold could significantly promote the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and accelerate wound healing in rats [23]. The authors also found that the scaffold enhanced angiogenesis and collagen deposition, indicating improved tissue regeneration. In another study by Xu et al. (2021), a collagen-PCL scaffold loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was evaluated for bone tissue regeneration [24]. The authors demonstrated that the scaffold could induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and promote bone formation in vivo, suggesting its potential use in bone tissue engineering.
CNN-RSVM: a hybrid approach for classification of poikilocytosis using convolutional neural network and radial kernel basis support vector machine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Prasenjit Dhar, K Suganya Devi, P Srinivasan
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes are a major component of the blood. RBC transports clean oxygen (O2) from the lungs to every part of the body (Prasenjit et al. 2022). A red protein called haemoglobin present inside red blood cells is crucial for maintaining the body’s protein balance. Additionally, RBC cells transport waste materials and carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues to the lungs, where they are exhaled. Red blood cells are developed in the bone marrow (Mohan 2018). They have a 120 ± 10-day lifespan (Mohan 2018). A mature RBC cell has a diameter of 6.2 to 8.2 μm and is shaped like a bi-concave disc with no nucleus (Suganya Devi et al. 2021). Poikilocytosis is the abnormal shape of RBCs. It has an impact on the body’s capacity to obtain enough protein, nutrients, and oxygen, among other things. Poikilocytosis (abnormal RBC shape) is a factor in a number of illnesses, including Thalassaemia, several types of anaemia, liver disease, etc.
Enhanced bone marrow stem cell attachment and differentiation on PCL/CNT substrate
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2019
Maryam Mehdizadeh Omrani, Mojtaba Ansari, Soheila Salahshour Kordestani, Nasim Kiaie, Amir Salati
As noted above, the cellular source in this project was human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) playing an important role in tissue engineering because of having the self-renewing capability and also multi-lineage differentiation potential (into bone, cartilage, cardiac myocytes and neuronal cells).[40,41] many research demonstrated differentiation of BMSCs into neurons following culture in suitable conditions such as the presence of chemicals and biological growth factors (EGF, FGF, NGF, BDNF).[42,43] Therefore, these cells are a better choice in comparison with other stem cell sources such as embryonic stem cells owing to reduced ethical issues and tumorigenesis risk.[44]