China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Some examples of somatic health effects observed in irradiated populations include bone cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, malignancies, thyroid cancer, life span shortening, and cataracts. Cancers are most frequent in the skin, bone, and the thyroid gland of exposed persons. Bone cancer develops when radium or other radioelements that are chemically similar to calcium are ingested. These radioelements when deposited in the bones are eliminated very slowly. Cataracts (impairment of vision) result from exposure of the eye lens to relatively high dosages of X-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, or neutrons. The growing cells in the eye lens are affected by developing abnormal fibers in the lens. After several years of exposure the lens becomes opaque. Lung cancers may be attributed to the dispersion of radon into the atmosphere as, for instance, in the case or underground mines. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood-forming organs with an excessive production of malfunctioning white blood cells and also a concurrent shortage of hemoglobin.
Cellular Biology in Tissue Engineering
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Essentially, prevention and treatment are two main goals of immunosuppressive therapy. Drugs are designed to inhibit T cell activation and effector functions. However, one important issue with drugs is that they provide non-specific immunosuppression, and thus patients become more susceptible to infections (especially to intracellular microbes) and also have increased incidence of cancer. This is because of the depletion of circulating lymphocytes in the body. More specifically, when dealing with cancers such as leukemia, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be performed. The first step is to ablate the existing bone marrow to create room for the recipient cells. This causes a deficiency in erythrocytes and B-cell lymphocytes. This makes the person temporarily vulnerable because of their severely compromised immune system. It is critical to monitor the patient for the time being until the transplant is accepted.
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Yaser Dahman, Biomaterials Science and Technology, 2019
Where these treatments are used most are in cancer patients. The primary method of treating most types of cancer, particularly leukemia, is chemotherapy. A patient receives this therapy or some type of radiation treatment to destroy cancer cells, but unfortunately, healthy cells are also destroyed in the process (Murnaghan, 2016). A stem cell transplant is then a viable option to replace the lost or damaged cells with new, functional ones – it can provide red and white blood cells, as well as platelets that are important for metabolism, clotting, and immunity. Therefore, bone marrow transplants and blood stem cell transplants are most commonly used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma (National Cancer Institute, 2013).
Managing a bone marrow transplant centre to maximise patients' health benefits
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
There are four major types of leukaemia: Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Several medical studies have examined the effectiveness of BMTs when compared with other leukaemia treatment methods. Barr et al. (1996) examine the effectiveness of allogeneic BMT in ALL and AML patients compared to receiving no leukaemia treatment and estimate that the average benefit per patient respectively is 0.12 QALYs and 0.73 QALYs. In another medical study, Lee et al. (1998) find that for CML patients, unrelated donor BMT leads to an average benefit of 5.25 QALYs when compared to leukaemia patients being treated by Interferon-α which is a popular chemotherapy method. Regarding CLL patients, no curative therapy for CLL exists at present and very few cases of CLL patients getting a BMT have been reported (Rozman and Montserrat 1995), and thus CLL cases are omitted in Table 1. For a comprehensive review of economic evaluations of leukaemia, see Kasteng et al. (2007).
Leukemia Detection Using Invariant Structural Cascade Segmentation Based on Deep Vectorized Scaling Neural Network
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
A. Arthi, V. Vennila, U. Arun Kumar
Leukemia is an early stage of blood formation, and the condition is most often defined by the uncontrolled proliferation of blood cells involving white blood cells in the bone marrow. Leukemia is considered to be a precancerous stage of blood formation. Leukemia is a disease that may affect both children and adults and is caused by an abnormal production of white blood cells (WBC) by the bone marrow. According on the length of time the disease has been present, leukemia may be classified as either acute or chronic. These categories are broken down further according to how far the sickness has progressed and how severe it has become. Chronic leukemia, on the other hand, often progresses slowly but steadily and mostly affects adults. Children are often the patients who are diagnosed with acute leukemia, which is characterized by a quick deterioration of their health.
A Novel Multi-Neural Ensemble Approach for Cancer Diagnosis
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Surbhi Gupta, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Rakesh Kumar
In 2018, 4.5% of people died of leukemia. As indicated by the review case surveys of leukemia, typical signs and side effects incorporate fever (17% to 77%), dormancy (12% to 39%), and dying (10% to 45%) (B. M. Reid, Permuth, and Sellers 2017). Around 33% of youngsters had musculoskeletal manifestations, especially in the spine and long bones, 75% had an expanded liver or spleen, in roughly 7% of kids at finding (Sinigaglia et al. 2008). Leukemia survivors require sequential complete blood record checking, just as age-and sex-explicit malignancy screening (Shouval et al. 2019). Grown-ups additionally present with protected side effects, for example, fever, tiredness, and weight reduction. They may have experienced shortness of breath, chest irritation, unreasonable wounding, nosebleeds, or abnormal menstrual periods in ladies (Cornell and Palmer 2012).