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60)
Published in Sourav Bhattacharjee, Principles of Nanomedicine, 2019
A bisphosphonate derivative of C60 was synthesized in order to treat osteoporosis, where bones in the body, especially spine, hip, and wrist joints, become prone to fractures due to lack of bony mass (hydroxyapatite [HAp]) produced by the osteoblasts or higher bone resorption by the osteoclasts. Bisphosphonates are an established therapeutic strategy in osteoporosis and act by decreasing bone resorption due to inhibition of the osteoclasts. Typically, osteoporotic bones exhibit high metabolic activity, and a targeted delivery of bisphosphonates to such sites will cause improvement and is also expected to mitigate its side effects, such as gastric irritation and bone pain. The bisphosphonate conjugate C60(OH)16AMBP (Fig. 5.13), that is, 4,4-bisphosphono-2-(polyhydroxyl-1,2-dihydro1,2-methanofullerene[60]-61-carboxamido)butyric acid showed decent affinity (1 μM) toward HAp and curtailed its mineralization by half in vitro [56]. Another polyhydroxylated derivative, C60(OH)30, also reduced mineralization of HAp by 28%. It was shown in rat models that fullerenols can induce osteogenesis by eliminating ROS [57, 58].
Anatomy, physiology and disease
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Deficiencies in mineralization of collagen fibrils result in the syndromes of osteomalacia. Histologically, these are characterized by accumulation of osteoid that is not mineralized. Vitamin D deficiency has been considered the most prominent osteomalacia syndrome, although it is clear that several other disorders unrelated to vitamin D metabolism can lead to this histological appearance. Notwithstanding, the clinical phenotype of ‘soft’ bones with poor mineralization and deformed extremities is shared by all these disorders. Clinically, these patients also present with low serum calcium, reduced serum phosphorus in some instances, abnormal vitamin D metabolites in the majority of cases (approximately 75% of all osteomalacia is related to vitamin D deficiency or resistance), increased alkaline phosphatase, bone pain, and severely reduced bone mineral density. Treatment must be individualized to the specific syndrome but it can lead to reversal of many of the symptoms and signs of this heterogeneous disorder.
Radionuclide Bone Scintigraphy
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Kanhaiyalal Agrawal, Gopinath Gnanasegaran
A bone scan is useful in evaluating sacroiliitis (Figure 11.17), bone non-union (Figure 11.18), bone graft viability and, usually, SPECT-CT is more specific in such scenarios. A Bone scan is also extremely sensitive in identification of a pain generator in unexplained bone pain in the back, hip, knee, and foot (Figure 11.19) [17–21]. Often the fractures are seen early in a bone scan in comparison to conventional radiographs. Aseptic loosening and hip and knee prostheses infection can be differentiated with high sensitivity on a three-phase bone scan.
Precautionary measures, speeding behaviour, and accidental trauma in shaping post-accidental driving behaviour and word of mouth
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2023
Ammar Yasir, Xiaojian Hu, Aifeng Yang, Munir Ahmad, Zuguang Shi
There are a few fundamental strategy propositions. Surgical accident drivers data did not show the lack of information but the difference in interest/attention to the precautionary information. There must be two- or three-hour introductory training sessions about the accident circumstances. Victims never thought about the bone pain; 262 out of 325 patients closed their eyes to express the pain, so managerial authorities should explain it in the 1–2 h session before issuing a license. Involving bike sellers to spread the five or ten sentences of information about the accident to improve minor level safety concerns. Speeding behaviour would be altered after the accident; the risk of other high-speed drivers would make them terrified in Australia [81]. confirmed that negative fear-based appeal publicity has a common approach to road safety concerns. Following our Behavioural change model and the given Australian model with mediating role of friends, family, and government to campaign monthly learning videos in Hefei city, after positive effect, apply in other cities. On these grounds, govt should give the incentive, discount on a few days' purchase, or reward to increase the WOM creation by these surgical patients in the hospital.
Toxic metals in cement induced hematological and DNA damage as well as carcinogenesis in occupationally-Exposed block-factory workers in Lagos, Nigeria
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Tajudeen Yahaya, Esther Oladele, Titilola Salisu, Esther Orji, Zafira Zakari, Umar Usman Liman, Clement Boniface Gomo, Mustapha Abdullahi
The levels of Ca, Si, Al, Cr, Pb, Fe, and Cu in the blood plasma of the participants are shown in Table 2. With the exception of Pb, the levels of the metals in the blood plasma of the workers were above the permissible limits of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This shows that the workers may experience metal toxicities. Excessive Ca exposure can cause coronary artery disease, migraines, and renal colic [26]. High body concentrations of Si can cause hypersilicaemia, characterized by fatigue, bone pain, headaches, loss of appetite, forgetfulness, lethargy, depression, memory loss, or irritability [27]. Overexposure to Al can cause neuropsychological decline and Alzheimer’s disease [28]. Hexavalent Cr is an established carcinogen, and current studies indicate that Cr (III) complexes can accumulate around the cell membrane, rupturing it and thus causing DNA damage [13]. Excess Fe can cause multi-organ damage [29]. Cu toxicity is associated with liver diseases, including Wilson’s disease and cirrhosis [30]. The results of the current study are in line with previous studies retrieved from academic databases. In particular [31], reported high levels of selected heavy metals in the tissues of some rats exposed to cement dust [32].,noticed high levels of heavy metals in the serum of cement loaders in Benin City, Nigeria [33].,also reported a significant increase in the levels of heavy metals in the blood plasma of some rats exposed to cement dust.
Prostate cancer classification with MRI using Taylor-Bird Squirrel Optimization based Deep Recurrent Neural Network
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2022
Goddumarri Vijay Kumar, Mohammed Ismail Bellary, Thota Bhaskara Reddy
Prostate cancer is a harmful infection that influences the reproductive system of men [1,2]. The second most frequent kind of cancer in men and the fifth most common cancer-related death worldwide is prostate cancer [2–5]. However, most prostate cancer forms slowly and moves from the prostate portion to some other area of human parts specifically in lymph nodes, whereas the other cancer glands grow faster. However, for men, 99% of cases of prostate cancer start around age 50 [2,6–9]. A 2012 survey conducted in 84 nations found that over 1.1 million men have prostate cancer, and of those, 307,000 will die from the fluid that is produced. Because prostate cancer has no symptoms and only a few signs, such as haematuria, nocturia, constant urination, femur, urine stream, bone pain, fluid discharge, etc., it is very difficult to identify prostate cancer at an early stage [2,10,11]. Prostate cancer can be predicted using the antigen testing mechanism, which monitors the disease and strives to detect cancer, but this mechanism is very complex to decide in a shorter time that further increases the mortality factor and the overall risk [2,12]. To overcome the traditional testing procedure, the automatic system is introduced to reduce the risk factors during the prediction of prostate cancer [2,13].