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Physical Demonstration of Successful Mirror Image Cognition by a Robot
Published in Junichi Takeno, Self-Aware Robots, 2022
The human brain can feel the existence of lost limbs. After a person loses a hand or a leg in an accident, the person sometimes feels that the lost limb still exists on the body. This is called the phantom limb phenomenon. The phantom limb sometimes gives rise to phantom pain. Dr. V. S. Ramachandran, a US neurologist, succeeded in eliminating phantom pain from patients using his mirror box therapy (Fig. 10.9). The author’s experiment-derived theory that the mirror image of the self is felt like a part of the body of the self provides physical support for the success of Ramachandran’s mirror box therapy.
Effects of body position and centre of gravity on tolerance of seated postures
Published in Rani Lueder, Kageyu Noro, Hard Facts about Soft Machines:, 2020
S. Reinecke, G. Weisman, M. H. Pope
In a previous study (Reinecke et al., 1985), tolerances were determined for various postures representing different combinations of forward flexion (FF), lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR). The outcome measures were tolerance time, centre of gravity (CG) displacement, pain location and intensity. Subjects used a visual analogue scale to indicate pain intensity and a pain drawing task to indicate pain location. Results showed that the length of time that a posture can be sustained decreases as centre of gravity shifts away from that of the neutral upright posture. It was not evident, however, whether onset of pain resulted from the alteration of posture, which might reduce muscular efficiency, or from the change in CG, which might require the muscles to work harder.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the damage has been dealt with, usually via healing. However, some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer, and idiopathic pain (conditions where the cause may not be readily apparent or characterized) may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute.
The development of an iPad application for the pain assessment of individuals with developmental disabilities and complex communication needs
Published in Assistive Technology, 2021
Alyssa Guard, Michelle Konz, Roger O. Smith, Joyce M. Engel, Thomas Keating
Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (International Association of the Study of Pain, 2003, p. 209). There are two different types of pain: acute and chronic. For purposes of this manuscript, the focus will be on chronic pain and the interference it may have on the daily life of an individual. Chronic pain is persistent pain that is no longer serving a biological purpose and involves a complex interaction of physiological, psychological, and social factors (Chambliss, Heggen, Copelan, & Peetignano, 2002). It is also a serious developmental health concern that can interfere with daily functioning (Chambers et al., 2011). James Campbell (1995), president of American Pain Society, initiated the idea that pain is the 5th vital sign and needs to be evaluated and managed by all healthcare professionals. Not only is assessing pain important as a diagnostic measure, its prevalence and correlation to life activity is important.
Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain: expert opinion and 5-year outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Mark N. Malinowski, Sameer Jain, Navdeep Jassal, Timothy Deer
The management of neuropathic pain remains a multifaceted approach to include medication management and removal of the offending cause where possible. Neuropathic pain arises from a myriad of causes of metabolic, infectious, malignant, toxicological, traumatic, hereditary, idiopathic, central nervous systems disorders, and complex regional pain syndrome (I and II). The goal of medical intervention is to improve symptoms and restore function. First line therapies include tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antidepressants (i.e., venlafaxine), α-2δ anticonvulsants (i.e., gabapentin, pregabalin) [7]. Second- and third-line therapies include topiramate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproate, opiates, opioids, cannabinoids and topical capsaicin [7]. When medication management is contraindicated or fails to achieve appropriate goals, then advanced techniques in neuromodulation such as SCS are an effective choice. This paper will review the history regarding SCS, discuss mechanisms of action and provide an overview of newer waveforms such as burst and high frequency. There will be a review of safety and a discussion to the future outlook, specifically to SCS.
Mindfulness mediates the relationship between mental toughness and pain catastrophizing in cyclists
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Martin I. Jones, John K. Parker
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described as such (Merskey & Bogduk, 1994). Cycling enthusiasts regale each other with stories of pain. Famous cyclists such as Jens Voight told his legs to “shut up” when in pain and Bernard Hinault endured bitter cold and developed frostbite in his fingers during the 1980 Liege-Bastogne-Liege race, yet he stayed in the saddle, won, and cemented his reputation as a legend of the sport. The Welsh cyclist, Geraint Thomas, fractured his pelvis in a collision during the first stage of the 2013 Tour de France. The physical pain was severe, yet he finished the race and won the respect of the peloton. More recently, the Irish cyclist, Dan Martin, completed the Tour de France with fractured vertebrae, the result of a crash on stage nine.