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Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
An animal can be made unconscious by using anesthesia. The three components of anesthesia are analgesia (pain relief), amnesia (loss of memory), and immobilization. The drugs used to achieve anesthesia usually have varying effects in each of these areas. Some drugs may be used individually to achieve all three; others have only analgesic or sedative properties and may be used individually for these purposes or in combination with other drugs to achieve full anesthesia. Analgesia is the relief of pain. Pain is normally defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with potential or actual tissue damage. Pain is difficult to assess in animals because of the animal’s inability to communicate directly about what it is experiencing. Instead, indirect signs of pain are often noted. Because of the difficulty of determining when an animal is in pain, animal welfare regulations require that analgesia be provided whenever a procedure is being performed or a condition is present that is likely to cause pain. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it is assumed that something that is painful to a human will also be painful to an animal It is best if analgesia can be provided to animals preemptively, or prior to the painful procedure, rather than waiting until after clinical signs of pain are observed. Analgesia is normally provided using one of several types of pharmaceutical preparations.
Parenteral Drug Administration: Routes of Administration and Devices
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Himanshu Bhattacharjee, Vivian Loveless, Laura A. Thoma
Injecting medication into the epidural space is primarily performed for analgesia.18 This may be performed using a number of different techniques and for a variety of reasons. A patient receiving an epidural for pain relief typically receives a combination of local anesthetics and opioids.19 This combination works better than either type of drug used alone. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Common opioids include morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, and meperidine in the United States. These are injected in relatively small doses. Occasionally, other agents may be used, such as clonidine or ketamine.
Control of Postoperative Pain by Self-Administered Opioids
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
Analgesic substances may be subdivided into three classes: (1) exogenous natural substances including morphine and opiates related to morphine, (2) exogenous synthetic analgesic substances (opioids), and (3) endogenous neurotransmitters. The natural opiates and analgesics synthesized from them will be considered first.
Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Reliable, Safe & Trustworthy
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
The four quadrants may be helpful in suggesting differing designs for a product or service: Example 1: Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) devices (Figure 6) allow post-surgical, severe cancer, or hospice patients to select the amount and frequency of pain control medication. There are dangers and problems with young and old patients, but with good design and management, PCA devices deliver safe and effective pain control (Macintyre, 2001). A simple morphine drip bag design for the lower left quadrant (low computer automation and low human control) would regularly deliver a fixed amount of pain control medication. A more automated design for the lower right quadrant (increased computer automation, but little human control) would provide machine selected doses that could vary by time of day, patient activity, and data from body sign sensors, although these do not assess perceived pain.
Developing an optimized strategy with transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance the endogenous pain control system in fibromyalgia
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Dante Duarte, Luis Eduardo Coutinho Castelo-Branco, Elif Uygur Kucukseymen, Felipe Fregni
In this context, enhancing sensory processing to trigger an inhibitory endogenous response, instead of just aiming to block pain as analgesic drugs do, can reach these targets. For instance, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has shown successful anti-hyperalgesia responses both in animal [8] and human [9] studies. Its effects can last long after the stimulation (particularly in low-frequency TENS) and hypoalgesia can be achieved even when electrodes are placed on the contralateral side of pain, providing support to the idea that a central modulation of the endogenous pain control system is happening as a consequence of the peripheral stimulation.
The epidemiology and prehospital care of motorcycle crashes in a sub-Saharan African urban center
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
A. Rosenberg, F. Z. Uwinshuti, M. Dworkin, V. Nsengimana, E. Kankindi, M. Niyonsaba, J. M. Uwitonze, I. Kabagema, T. Dushime, E. Krebs, S. Jayaraman
SAMU performed interventions for 1,361 (47%) patients involved in a motorcycle-related RTC. The most common interventions were establishing peripheral intravenous (IV) access (n = 1,217, 89%), administering fluids (n = 1,048, 77%), and external hemorrhage control (n = 1,036, 76%). In addition, 708 (52%) patients required cervical collars and 673 (49%) patients required splints. The most commonly administered medications were analgesics, including nonsteroidal analgesic drugs and opioids.