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Structure and Function of Joints
Published in Z. Yang, Finite Element Analysis for Biomedical Engineering Applications, 2019
Most of the joints of the extremities are movable (Figure 12.1). These joints, which have articular cartilage with an extremely low coefficient of friction, allow a wide range of motion [1]. The articulating bone surfaces are covered by a very thin layer of cortical bone (compact bone). Between the cortical bone and articular cartilage is an intermediate layer of the calcified cartilage. The articular cartilage is bonded to the bony end plate and surrounded by a set of collagen fibers. The hyaline articular cartilage is characterized as a set of smooth and resilient connective tissues and serves as the bearing and gliding surfaces. The joint cavity contains a thin layer of synovial fluid. This structure provides almost frictionless mobility, which is essential to the joint function.
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
When the hyaline cartilage is damaged, it is often replaced with fibrocartilage. This typically happens at the knee, specifically at the end of the femur, but fibrocartilage does not withstand weightbearing forces as well as hyaline cartilage. The amount of fibrocartilage in the body increases with age. Hyaline cartilage “transforms” into fibrocartilage, meaning that it is more likely replaced with fibrocartilage after damage from years of stress. This is what happens in microfracture surgery. The subchondral bone underneath is cracked, releasing blood and cells into the damaged area, and these cells produce fibrocartilage to heal the newly formed defect. This is only a temporary fix and is synonymous to scar tissue. Different fiber arrangements between the tissues means different mechanical properties. Fibrocartilage is better under tension, whereas hyaline cartilage is better under compression.
Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
An alternative to tissue engineering articular cartilage outside the body is to implant a scaffold in vivo, with or without cells, and allow regeneration to occur with minimal additional manipulation. Regeneration of hyaline cartilage within the body is complicated by the demanding mechanical environment present in active joints. However, the complex mixture of biochemical and biomechanical cues present in the body may accelerate tissue growth in a way that is difficult to reproduce in vitro. Loading is applied naturally by the normal physiological environment, which may be seen as the ideal cartilage bioreactor. Chapter 4 will further describe the factors related to in vitro tissue engineering and how these factors commonly seek to replicate the in vivo environment.
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
The reparative phase takes place days after fracture, when the cells of the periosteum replicate and transform. The periosteal cells that are closest to the fracture gap develop into chondroblasts and start forming hyaline cartilage, while the ones that are further from the fracture gap develop into osteoblasts, forming woven bone. Fibroblasts in the granulation tissue also develop into chondroblasts, forming hyaline cartilage. The two new tissues develop until they unite with the other part of the fracture. All this process is finalized by the formation of the fracture callus which restores some of the bone’s original strength. This is followed by the replacement of the hyaline cartilage and woven bone with lamellar bone, a process known as endochondral ossification (for the hyaline cartilage) and bony substitution (for the woven bone). At the end of this phase, most of the bone’s original strength is restored. Matrix proteins and bone regulating cytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways are involved in the normal bone repair after fractures and also around different kinds of implants or reconstruction materials. (Marsell and Einhorn 2010; Cassuto et al. 2017)
Nonwoven membranes for tissue engineering: an overview of cartilage, epithelium, and bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Thalles Canton Trevisol, Rayane Kunert Langbehn, Suellen Battiston, Ana Paula Serafini Immich
Zhang et al. [36] used another polymer derivate from glycolic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, an electrospun scaffold was used to culture chondrocytes in vitro and, then, in vivo. The authors used a sandwich structure (scaffold-chondrocytes-scaffold) instead of the general construction composed of one layer. The small fibers diameters (0.16 - 1.872 µm) and the pore size (1 - 8.6 µm) were obtained by electrospinning. The hyaline cartilage ECM was produced after four weeks. The authors implanted the scaffold-cartilage device into the rabbits knees and histologically evaluated the recovery of a defect previously performed by the authors. After six months of implantation, a flat, smooth and well-integrated tissue, similar to the natural tissue, was obtained. The success of the nonwoven scaffold can be highlighted by the use of the multilayer constructs, which provided better cell protection, substrate guiding, cell attachment and growth.
Multidomain Feature Level Fusion for Classification of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Using Spine MR Images
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
J. V. Shinde, Y. V. Joshi, R. R. Manthalkar
The clinical assessment with the help of radiological imaging modalities is useful for the detection of inter-vertebral disc decadence (degeneration). Inter-vertebral disc decadence is also known as “disc herniation”. The vertebra degenerations are termed as “Modic” changes. The process of IVD degeneration is complex, which involves changes in the disc composition which may result in subsequent destruction of the normal structure of the disc [1–3]. An IVD consists of three distinct parts, namely (i) hyaline cartilage end plate, (ii) outer strong layer Annulus Fibrosus (AF), (iii) center part Nucleus Pulposus (NP). Nucleus Pulposus incorporates immensely hydrated proteoglycans gel containing collagen. The AF as well as end plates is inherited against the family of mesenchyme.