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Cadmium Exposure and Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Soisungwan Satarug, Kenneth R. Phelps
Hypertension affects 25%–30% of the adult population in most economically developed countries (Fryar et al., 2017). It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and both a cause and a consequence of CKD (Horowitz et al., 2015). This section summarizes effects of environmental Cd exposure on blood pressure increases and the risk of hypertension. Insights from Cd-induced hypertension in experimental animals are highlighted. We also discuss evidence that a second messenger produced in kidneys, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), regulates salt reabsorption, vascular tone, and volume homeostasis in response to renal Cd intoxication.
Wireless Telecardiology
Published in Rajarshi Gupta, Dwaipayan Biswas, Health Monitoring Systems, 2019
Luca Monzo, Michele Schiariti, Paolo Emilio Puddu
Hypertension affects almost one in three adults in the United States [29] and is a serious concern in the healthcare service worldwide as it is one of the major risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, and HF or renal failure. In addition, it is one of the most frequent reasons for accessing to medical care [76]. Inadequate blood pressure (BP) control and poor adherence to treatment remain among the major limitations in the management of hypertensive patients, particularly of those at high risk of cardiovascular events. In fact, no more than 30% of treated hypertensive patients maintain satisfactory BP control [77]. Compliance to therapy seems to be related to many factors including the high number of pills to be taken daily, the lack of motivation and the patient’s poor involvement in the management of this clinical condition, the absence of symptoms, the inability of the patient to understand the real long-term consequences of high BP, and finally the psychological and personality traits of the patient [78].
Hydrostatic Pressure and Its Role in Physiology and Pathology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
According to the Centers for Disease Control, elevated blood pressure (hypertension) effects nearly 1 in 3 adults in the United States, with another 1/3 of adults characterized as having prehypertension (110). Human VECs are exposed to pulsatile pressure as the heart pumps blood through the vasculature. Systolic blood pressure is generated as the heart contracts, while diastolic blood pressure is generated when the heart relaxes. Resting physiologic blood pressure ranges from a systolic pressure between 100 and 120 mmHg (136–163 cmH2O) to a diastolic pressure between 60 and 80 mmHg (82–109 cmH2O) (60). Hypertension is characterized by systolic pressure in excess of 140 mmHg (190 cmH2O) and/or diastolic pressure in excess of 90 mmHg (122 cmH2O) (60).
Blood lead level and Helicobacter pylori infection in a healthy population: A cross-sectional study
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Won-Ju Park, Soo-Hyeon Kim, WonYang Kang, Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
The subjects were asked about their alcohol consumption, smoking, past medical history, and exercise habits through a doctor interview with structured questionnaire. The hypertension was defined as cases on a current antihypertensive regimen or cases with blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. The diabetes mellitus was defined as cases that were treated for diabetes mellitus or cases with measured fasting blood glucose levels of 126 mg/dL or higher. A drinker was defined as an individual who drinks more than 20 grams of alcohol more than once a week. Regular exercise was defined as performing exercise for greater than 30 minutes per day more than twice a week. Their body mass index (BMI) was calculated by weight (kg)/height2 (meter2). Obesity is defined as a BMI equal to or greater than 25 kg/m2.
Arsenic, cadmium, and mercury-induced hypertension: mechanisms and epidemiological findings
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Airton da Cunha Martins, Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro, Denise Grotto, Joseph A Adeyemi, Fernando Barbosa
Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease in which blood pressure levels are increased (Chobanian et al. 2003). This illness is an important public health problem affecting approximately 1 billion individuals globally, with more than 9.4 million deaths per year (Chobanian et al. 2003; JNC 7 Express 2003; WHO 2013). Hypertension is a multifactorial condition that involves environmental factors such as excessive body weight, dietary sodium intake, and excessive alcohol consumption as well as genetics (Mancia et al. 2007). Furthermore, hypertension is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular events such as cardiovascular accidents (Chobanian et al. 2003; Mancia et al. 2007). The condition may be classified as primary (essential) or secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension, which is responsible for approximately 95% of all cases, is a heterogeneous disorder with patients exhibiting different and no obvious apparent causal factors (Carretero and Oparil 2000). According to Messner and Bernhard (2010), there is an urgent need to search for and define new risk factors for cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Exposure to toxic elements, such as As, Cd, and Hg, was reported to be associated with increased blood pressure levels (Satarug et al. 2005; Swaddiwudhipong et al. 2010; Valera, Dewailly, and Poirier 2009). Although the number of studies considering the association between toxic elements and hypertension development is growing, data on mechanisms underlying this disorder are scarce. In addition, the mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated and inconsistencies among studies were reported.
Improved transdermal delivery of valsartan using combinatorial approach of polymeric transdermal hydrogels and solid microneedles: an ex vivo proof of concept investigation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Cindy Kristina Enggi, Mega Tri Satria, Nirmayanti Nirmayanti, Jesscia Theodor Usman, Julika Fajrika Nur, Rangga Meidianto Asri, Nana Juniarti Natsir Djide, Andi Dian Permana
Hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure (BP) in the systemic arteries, expressed by the ratio of systolic and diastolic BP [1]. Hypertension is defined as having systolic BP 140 mmHg or higher and/or having diastolic BP 90 mmHg or higher [2]. It is a major global health problem due to its high prevalence. Around 12.8% (7.5 million) of the total of all annual deaths worldwide were caused by high BP, and it is predicted to increase to 1.56 billion adults with hypertension in 2025 [3]. It is also a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the single leading contributor to all-cause death and disability worldwide [4].