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Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
A joint is described as the area where two bones meet or articulate (Scanlon and Sanders 2007). The human body includes several types of joints, and the amount of motion allowed in each type varies. Some joints allow a wide range of motion, such as the shoulder joint, while others allow for very limited motion, such as the acromioclavicular joint. In addition, some joints may allow motion around more than one axis, while other joints move around a single axis. This is known as degrees of freedom of a joint. For example, the hip joint has three degrees of freedom while the elbow joint has only one degree of freedom. Besides allowing motion, joints also help to bear the weight of the body and provide stability to the body (Lippert 2006). In any joint in the body, movement occurs in a plane and around an axis. There are three planes of motion and three axes. Planes of motion are arbitrarily fixed planes of reference that divide the body, and each of these planes is perpendicular to the other two planes. The axis of motion is a straight line that runs through the center of a joint around which a part rotates (Lippert 2006). Table 3.3 illustrate the three planes and axes, and the motions occurring in each (Figures 3.2.1 to 3.2.6).
Motion Sensors in Osteoarthritis: Prospects and Issues
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Osteoarthritis (OA) in the joints of the lower limb is a disease that affects mobility. Its incidence and progression are thought to be related to joint loading during movement, particularly walking. Therefore, motion sensors have a potential role to play in assessment and management of the disease. OA is a degenerative disease that is most often thought of as primarily affecting the articular cartilage within the affected joints; however, it is in fact associated with a range of pathological changes in joints and a range of related impairments in function. It commonly affects certain joints (knee, hip, spine, hands) but others much less often (ankle, elbow, wrist). OA is a major cause of disability amongst older adults (Zhang and Jordan 2008). The exact cause of OA is unknown, and there is no cure. Treatment is directed towards management of symptoms, the key one of which is pain (although not everyone with structural OA evident on x-ray will have pain). For severe disease, surgical joint replacement may become necessary.
Ergonomic Analysis to Support Surgery-Averse Individuals that Live with Chronic Pain
Published in Marcelo M. Soares, Franscisco Rebelo, Advances in Usability Evaulation, 2013
Chronic pain has the capacity to influence the calibrated response of changing task demands of basic activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). When an individual reports pain during an ADL/IADL, the medical condition is often the primary target for an intervention. For example, an individual with OA of the hip reports pain during bathing activities, specifically when they are attempting to get out the tub in their home environment. They will likely receive pain medication to reduce inflammation and joint replacement surgery may be indicated. If the patient is averse to surgery, the palliative benefits of the medication may temporarily facilitate ADL/IADL task completion but do not address two (of many) outstanding issues: The potentially hazardous musculoskeletal movements in response to pain that can injure alternative/compensatory support structures, such as the upper extremity, as it assists in the transfer out of the tub; and,Calibrating personal ADL/IADL performance expectations relative to medication type and dosage. Pain medication in this cohort can have serious and debilitating side effects (Bjarnason, et al., 1993; Laine, 2003).
Analytical review on the biocompatibility of surface-treated Ti-alloys for joint replacement applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Joint replacement is a surgical procedure in which an artificial joint surgically replaces arthritic or damaged joints made up of metals or plastic components. Damage to the joint may be caused due to several reasons such as aging, accident, or osteoarthritis. So, such damage causes orthopedic surgery that generally requires internal fixation of joints to provide stability during the bone healing process. Historically, cemented and cementless implant designs were used for total joint replacement (TJR) [1]. Cementless techniques are achieving more attention and popularity for TJR due to the removal of the second surgery requirement in cemented implants [2]. In cemented technique, initially, implants possess excellent mechanical strength, but later osteolysis causes loosening of implants. The biological response of cementless implants provides long-term mechanical stability. These implants’ stability depends on several parameters, such as corrosion behavior, debris created, and ions released from the implant. So, bone adaptation to implant and stress shielding is the central areas of concern [3].
Total knee arthroplasty in the face of a previous tuberculosis infection of the knee: what do we know in 2018?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Assem A. Sultan, William A. Cantrell, Emily Rose, Peter Surace, Linsen T. Samuel, Morad Chughtai, Anton Khlopas, Jared M. Newman, Joseph T. Moskal, Michael A. Mont
Despite groundbreaking advances in global healthcare, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of severe morbidity and mortality with an estimated 10.4 million total cases worldwide in 2016 that led to approximately 1.7 million deaths [1]. Of those cases, 1%–3% suffer extrapulmonary musculoskeletal disease [2,3]. Osseous tuberculosis infection often affects the knee joint, and it is the most common location following the spine and hip [2,4]. TB of the knee is often associated with marked morbidity because of its non-specific presentation [4–6]. Therefore, osseous degeneration often reaches a very advanced state before a definite diagnosis is made, which then leads to a poor prognosis [4–6]. For those patients, end-stage joint destruction frequently requires surgical intervention to relieve pain and to restore mobility. Options may include arthrodesis, resection arthroplasty, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) [4,7–12]. Arthrodesis and resection arthroplasty can provide control of the infection and relief of pain, but they may lead to decreased function in the affected limb and are associated with multiple complications [11,12]. In this realm, TKA has been considered, as it provides substantial benefits over arthrodesis and resection arthroplasty, namely that it permits the restoration of both function and mobility [4,7–12].
Arthritis patients’ experience and perception of therapeutic gloves
Published in International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 2018
S. H. Nasir, O. Troynikov, N. Massy-Westropp
Arthritis is a chronic musculoskeletal condition, affecting joints where two or more bones meet (Klocke, 2000; Moriyama & Bagchi, 2011). It is a leading cause of disability, mobility limitation and pain, affecting 52.5 million adults worldwide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). There are more than 100 types of arthritis; the most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (Access Economics, 2007; Boscheinen-Morrin & Conolly, 2001). Estimates published in 2012 reported 1.9 million Australian were diagnosed with osteoarthritis and 0.5 million with rheumatoid arthritis (Arthritis and Osteoporosis Victoria, 2013). Over 50% of Australians with arthritis are between the ages of 25 and 64 years; in their prime working age. The prevalence of arthritis increases with age, from less than 1% of people below 25 years of age to 52.1% of people aged 75 years and over. Women are more likely to have arthritis than men, particularly over 75 years (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012; Jenkins, 2011). Hand rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis cause joint pain, stiffness, swelling and reduce hand function, especially grip strength and range of motion; these symptoms impact on everyday life and workforce participation. The prevalence of arthritis will continue to rise as the ‘baby boomers’ age, reducing the quality of individuals’ lives and contributing significantly to the overall burden of ill health (Helmick et al., 2008; Wong, Davis, Badley, Grewal, & Mohammed, 2010).