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The Skull and Brain
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Tom Gibson, Nicholas Shewchenko, Tom Whyte
The main components of the human head include the scalp, skull, blood vessels, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain. The scalp (Figure 8.2) is 5–7 mm thick and consists of, from exterior to interior, the cutaneous, hair-bearing skin, a subcutaneous connective tissue layer and a thin tendinous layer. These three layers are bound together as a single unit beneath which is loose areolar tissue. The areolar tissue loosely connects the tendinous layer to the pericranium, which is the periosteum of the skull bones, and allows the superficial three layers of the scalp to move over the pericranium.
The biomechanics of concussion for ice hockey head impact events
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Andrew Post, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Clara Karton, J. Michio Clark, Lauren Dawson, Janie Cournoyer, Karen Taylor, R. Anna Oeur, Michael D. Gilchrist, Michael D. Cusimano
Concussion is defined as a pathophysiological cascade as a result of injurious strains to the brain tissue that occurs from head motions during an impact (McCrory et al. 2013; Smith and Meaney 2000). The incidence of concussion in ice hockey has been reported to be as high as 8.8 concussions per 100 athletic exposures (Donaldson et al. 2013; Doorly and Gilchrist 2006), with the most common way of incurring this injury being a collision with another player (Cusimano et al. 2011; Hutchison et al. 2015b). Biomechanical analysis of concussion has been focused on American football, Australian rules football, and rubgy (Zhang et al. 2004; Kleiven 2007; Patton et al. 2015). This research has suggested predictive variables and magnitudes of strain that may be associated with risk of concussion within those sports. However, while player to player collisions are the most frequent type of impact that results in concussion in ice hockey, there are many other ways for the head to be impacted that are dissimilar from the sports examined in the literature. These events, such as head contacting the ice, boards, and glass are all common in ice hockey, and each of these surfaces would create different loading characteristics for the helmeted head that would affect how concussions occur, and how they can be prevented. These differences may also affect what variables may be most predictive of concussive injury, as the impacts incurred in ice hockey would be dissimilar to those in American football and other sports. In order to be able to better protect the athletes in ice hockey a more complete understanding of the biomechanics of head impact in the sport needs to be developed.
A distributed-parameter control system using electromagnetic neural stimulation for human–machine perception interface
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2022
The human head consists of several tissues with different electrical properties, such as scalp, skull and brain. Since the time-varying electromagnetic field is insensitive to the radial variation of electrical properties, the human brain is simplified as a spherical conductor with the origin of the coordinate frame O located at the centre as shown in Figure 2(a). A set of EM array is placed around the human brain with all the coil axes pointing to the origin O. Since the human brain has very low conductivity and cannot sustain large energy transmitted with electromagnetic fields required for deep stimulation, instead of using sinusoidal excitation currents, the EM array is excited by pulsed currents.
Differences in head impact biomechanics between playing positions in Canadian high school football players
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Nina Pavlovic, Christian Clermont, Joshua Cairns, Rylen A. Williamson, Carolyn A. Emery, Darren Stefanyshyn
A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury induced by an acute external biomechanical force to the head or elsewhere to the body, resulting in a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms (McCrory et al., 2017). Fortunately, most head impacts in sporting contexts do not result in concussive symptoms, as their magnitudes are not high enough to disturb the brain’s homoeostasis (Broglio et al., 2011; Stemper et al., 2019). The lack of symptoms, however, does not necessarily imply that no damage is being done to the brain.