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Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
The head has two distinctive portions: The cranium is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain which is named neurocranium and consists of eight bones. There are single ones, such as frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The paired bones are two temporal and two parietal bones. The splanchnocranium is the portion of the skull derived from the visceral part and has 14 bones. Here we describe only three of them. The vomer is a single bone, situated vertically at the back part of the nasal fossa, forming part of the nasal septum. The sphenoid bone is situated at the anterior part of the base of the skull, articulating with all the other cranial bones and binding them strongly together. The ethmoid is a spongy bone, has a cubical form and is situated at the anterior part of the base of the cranium.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Humans owe their success mostly to the brain. It consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The brain controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere is normally divided into four lobes: the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes (see Fig. 3.5).
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
Humans owe their success mostly to the brain. It consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The brain controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere is normally divided into four lobes: the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes (see Fig. 3.5).
Predicted microscopic cortical brain images for optimal craniotomy positioning and visualisation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2021
Nazim Haouchine, Parikshit Juvekar, Alexandra Golby, Sarah Frisken
A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain, for example to provide access for tumour resection. Surgeons often use well-established image-guidance systems where a patient’s head is registered with a pre-operative MRI scan (Fraser et al. (2009), Bucholz and McDurmont (2009)) to plan the location and size of the craniotomy before beginning surgery. Those systems help surgeons navigate to prepare the patient and locate the tumour. Using the registered pre-operative MRI scans, the surgeons draw a target on the patient’s skin (see Figure 1d), then opens the skin and cuts the bone to open the skull. The target size and location is chosen to provide optimal access to the tumour while avoiding vessels and other critical structures. However, several factors, including opening the skull, head position, changes in osmotic pressure and loss of cerebral spinal fluid, can cause the brain to shift upon opening. Thus, the planned craniotomy may not provide optimal or adequate exposure, increasing patient risk and surgical complexity.Figure 2Table 1
Clinician guide to motorcycle helmet safety
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2021
Shannon Flowers, Sophie Schott, Nicole Flanigan, Sriram Palepu, Nicole (Nico) Osier
All motorcycle helmets include four structural components: an outer shell, crushable, energy-absorbing foam liner, a comfort padding, and a retention system (What You Should Know About Motorcycle Helmets, 2004). The outer shell is typically made of composite fiber material, a fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), or a thermoplastic resin. It serves to protect the skull from penetration and friction, dissipates concentrated impact load over a larger surface area, and provides structure for the inner lining (Shuaeib et al., 2002). The inner liner sits immediately below the outer shell and serves to absorb energy and lessen the impact force load on the skull and extend the skull’s stopping time upon impact. Polymeric foams typically make up the inner liner; with expanded polystyrene being used most commonly (Di Landro et al., 2002). Comfort padding is the soft layer that sits against the rider’s head. Typically, it is made of multiple sections of soft cloth and foam that can be removed for routine cleaning. The retention system, or chin strap, is connected to the helmet on each side of the shell and is designed to sit snugly against the rider’s chin when fastened properly. Correct application of the retention system ensures that the helmet remains secured to the rider’s head in the event of a crash (Grayen, 2019). Helmets come in a variety of styles that offer a range of features impacting aesthetics, feel, and the degree of rider protection. The following is a discussion of the most common motorcycle helmet designs: full-face, open-face, and off-road helmets. Notably, discussion of a fourth helmet type: novelty helmets, will not be included as they do not have a crushable inner liner and literature indicates that riders are almost three times as likely to sustain head injury compared to full-face helmets (Erhardt et al., 2016). While certain helmet designs offer more rider protection, riding with any qualified helmet is significantly safer than novelty helmet or unhelmeted riding.