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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Two types of infrared technology can provide viable fever screening options: (1) infrared thermal imagers (i.e., thermography) and (2) non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) – handheld thermopile-based single-point surface thermometers.111 Forehead skin temperatures, however, whether measured by NCIT or thermography, are unreliable as an indicator of fever.112 The temperature of the spot just medial to the inner canthus of the eye is normally the warmest part of the face (Figure 10.41).113 The inner canthus is an indicator of core body temperature.114 These warm spots are too small to be reliably measured by NCIT, and show variable results in eyeglass wearers. A recent study found thermography to be more accurate than NCIT in terms of fever detection.115
IoT-Based Personalized Health and Fitness Monitoring System
Published in Ambikapathy, R. Shobana, Logavani, Dharmasa, Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT, 2022
Pushpendu Rakshit, Pramod Kumar Srivastava, Omkar Chavan
IoT smart devices and sensors are highly used in medical industries. These devices can help monitor heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, etc., and also help to diagnose major issues or anomalies. These smart devices are sold individually also and can be purchased at any medical shop or in hospitals. They are helpful to senior citizens and people with disabilities. For instance, diabetes meters (glucometers) help patients check their blood sugar levels and blood pressure instruments help to monitor blood pressure, pulse, and heart beats. Also, during the COVID-19 pandemic, infrared forehead thermometers were commonly used at railway stations, shops, airport, and other public places to check individual body temperatures in an attempt to helps identify COVID-19 patients.
Thermal Imaging in Detection of Fever for Infectious Diseases
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Measurement of elevated human body temperature is done by using various commercially available clinical equipment which could be classified as contact and non-contact temperature measuring devices. Conventional contact devices are based on temperature-sensitive metallic strips or a heat-sensing fluid such as mercury or alcohol. These are also called clinical thermometers which are usually placed in the armpit or under the tongue for correct temperature measurement. In some cases, these devices could also be used to measure temperature in the rectal region of the subject. Often, the rectal temperature reading is around 0.6°C higher than the oral-based readings and is also considered more reliable than the latter. Other classes of conventional thermometers are based on non-contact temperature measurement that uses infrared technology to determine the human body temperature. Two of the widely used types are the forehead and tympanic infrared thermometers. These devices rely on measuring the body temperature based on converting the radiated thermal energy from the human skin into electrical energy which is then digitized to provide a digital readout of the temperature. Two types of forehead IR thermometers are available in the market (Martin et al., 2021):The so-called temporal artery thermometer is intended to capture the infrared radiation emitted from the region of the superficial temporal artery. It is placed touching the temple and it has a cup shape at the end. Generally, it is moved over the skin surface from the center of the forehead toward the ear and the maximum temperature is recorded.The more general forehead thermometer measures at just one point, several centimeters from the skin.Tympanic thermometers measure the radiant energy in the ear canal. In children, the mean difference between tympanic scan, forehead skin scan, and temporal artery scan compared with rectal measurement was 0.49°C, 0.34°C, and 0°C, respectively. All tools overestimated the temperature at lower body temperatures and underestimated at higher body temperatures (Allegaert, et al. 2014).
Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in in vitro human models: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Aileen M. Feschuk, Nadia Kashetsky, Chavy Chiang, Anuk Burli, Halie Burdick, Howard I. Maibach
Due to ethical considerations in vitro methods are often used as a substitute for in vivo methods. Maibach and Wester (1989) stated that in vivo studies are the preferential model for determining the penetration potential of a compound and constitute the most relevant to clinical practice. This is because in vivo studies better explore physiological effects such as metabolism, distribution, and excretion of the test substance (Bronaugh et al. 1982). An important in vivo study was conducted by Maibach et al. (1971) who used radioactively labeled parathion, malathion, and carbaryl to contaminate various anatomical sites of human volunteers while keeping all other variables constant. Data demonstrated that the palm was approximately as penetrable as the forearm, which was employed as a control. The abdomen and dorsum of the hand were twice as penetrable as the forearm. Sites of high follicle density (scalp, jaw angle, postauricular area, and forehead) were 4-fold as penetrable as control. The highest absorption occurred at the axilla which demonstrated a 4–7 fold increase in absorption compared to control, and the scrotum, which enabled almost total absorption.
Test-retest validation of a cranial deformity index in unilateral coronal craniosynostosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Emilie Robertson, Peter Kwan, Gorman Louie, Pierre Boulanger, Daniel Aalto
The concept of “area under the curve” (AUC) as a method to quantify forehead shape after metopic craniosynostosis surgery was introduced by Khechoyan et al. (2014). AUC was used to measure geometric outcomes following surgery by calculating the difference in shape between an abnormal skull and a normal reference skull at the inferior portion of the forehead. A skull with a small AUC had a more normal geometry compared to a skull with a large AUC, indicating a post-operative appearance that was more satisfactory. Again, this presented a novel method of quantifying post-operative results in comparison to the pre-operative skeletal deformity. Unlike some of the techniques mentioned previously, the AUC measurement is simple to calculate and intuitively demonstrates an improvement in skull shape. However, CVR typically involves reshaping the patients’ frontal bones and supra-orbital bar (SOB), the two skull components that make up the forehead. AUC is limited to measuring the difference between the pre and post-operative SOB only.
Comparisons between Shikoro-type helmet with no hood and typical fire protective helmets with hood in a hot and humid environment
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Yoon Jeong Baek, Dahee Jung, Su-Young Son, Joo-Young Lee
However, thermal benefits on the face and neck were found. Also, we found design factors to improve such thermoregulatory responses. The Shikoro-type helmet was beneficial to lower the cheek, ear and neck temperature during exercise and to fasten the decreasing rate of the face temperature in recovery taking off the helmet and hood. In the present study, forehead temperature was the highest among the four skin temperatures on the head and neck. In particular, the forehead temperature during exercise for the Shikoro type condition increased up to 39.4 ± 0.8 °C and higher than values in other two conditions. That might be arisen from the direct touch of the inner frame of the Shikoro-type helmet over the skin. For the Shikoro-type helmet, the inner frame touches the forehead skin in direct because of no fire hood between the helmet and the skin, while the inner frames of the KR and US helmets touch the fire protective hood, not the forehead skin. The inner frame was made of plastics without any moisture absorptive property. Because the forehead sweats greater than other regions on the human head (Jung, Kim, and Lee 2016), the moisture absorptive property of materials touching the forehead would be important. In this light, improving materials of the inner frame along with improving the size system for the Shikoro type helmet would provide more thermal benefits firefighters in hot and humid environments.