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Tissue Biomechanics
Published in Ronald L. Huston, Principles of Biomechanics, 2008
Figure 7.5 provides a simple sketch of the scalp, skull, and meningeal tissue, forming a helmet for the brain. On the outside of the scalp there is a protective matting of hair which provides for both cushioning and sliding. The hair also provides for temperature modulation. The scalp itself is a multilayered composite consisting of skin, fibrous connective tissue, and blood vessels. The skull is a set of shell-like bones knit together with cortical (hard) outer and inner layers and a trabecular (soft) center layer. Beneath the skull is the dura mater consisting of a relatively strong but inelastic protective membrane. Beneath the dura is another membrane of fibrous tissue called the arachnoid which in turn covers another fibrous membrane called the pia which covers the outer surface of the brain.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Hair gives thermal protection and shields the scalp from sunlight. Wearable product designers may have to consider means of accommodating hair. Some external medical monitoring devices may require that a portion of the skin be shaved to provide close contact of a sensor to the skin. Fitting a protective head covering to a person with a shaved head will be much different from fitting a person with very long or dense hair.
Helmet Risk Assesment for Top and Side Impact in Construction Sectors
Published in Vincent G. Duffy, Advances in Applied Human Modeling and Simulation, 2012
James Long, Zhipeng Lei, Jingzhou (James) Yang*, Daan Liang
There are three main sections or layers surrounding the human brain. These layers include the scalp, skull and the meninges. The scalp is stretched over the outer layer of the skull. The scalp has an average thickness of 3 to 6mm and is composed of five anisotropic layers. These layers from descending order are; "(a) the skin with hairy coverings, (b) the layer of tela subcutanea, a loose, fiberous connective tissue that attaches the skin to the deeper structures; (c) the aponeurotic layer, a fiberous membrane constituting flattened tendon connecting the frontal and occipital muscles; (d) a loose subaponeurotic layer of connective tissue; and (e) the pericranium, a tough vascular membrane, also designated as the subpericranial layer proximate to the skull" (Goldsmith, 2001). The next main layer, the skull is a more uniform and rigid structure. The skull has an average thickness of 9.5 to 12.7mm. The skull has an outer and inner layer of calcified compact bone. Sandwiched in between the inner and outer layer of the skull is a vesicular layer that resembles a honeycomb. The skull encloses the entire brain except for an opening at the bottom for the spinal cord. The final layer, the meninges, consists of three sub layers. It has an average thickness of 2.5mm The first sub layer, the dura, which is located below the skull is tough, dense, inelastic and an anisotropic membrane consisting of connective tissue. Between the dura and second layer, the arachnoid, is a space. This space is referred to as the subdural space. The arachnoid is a delicate nonvascular membrane if interconnected trabecular fibers. The arachnoid trabecular fibers connect to the next the final layer, the pia. The pia is a layer of white fibrous tissue that is attached to the surface of the brain. There is another space in between the arachnoid and pia layers. This space is refered to as the subarachnoid space. This space is occupied by water like fluid known as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF provides damping and cushions the brain in impact situations. The CSF is also produced in cavities of the brain and circulates through the spinal canal and perivascular space.
Artificial intelligence (AI) based system for the diagnosis and classification of scalp health: AI-ScalpGrader
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Jeong-Il Jeong, Dong-Soon Park, Ji-Eun Koo, Woo-Sang Song, Duck-Jin Pae, Hwa-Jung Choi
Scalp disorders may be short-term or chronic.[4] Stress, abuse of hair products, and harmful exposure to the environment may degrade hair texture and cause allergies, as well as hair breakage and loss.[5] Scalp problems include alopecia areata (AA), dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis.[6] Dandruff is excessive flaking of the scalp and and may be accompanied by itch.[7]