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Human Health Studies
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
Public health surveillance is defined as, “…the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know…” (Thacker and Berkelman, 1992). A public health surveillance system collects data to monitor the occurrence of specific diseases (called disease surveillance) or the distribution of exposure to potential hazards (called hazard surveillance). Surveillance systems provide early warning of situations in which epidemiologic investigations or other public health actions should be taken. Disease surveillance locates problems, determines how frequently problems occur, plots whether the problems are increasing or decreasing, and evaluates whether prevention efforts have been effective. An example of disease surveillance is the reporting of cancer cases to state health departments.
Statistical Techniques and Stochastic Modeling in Public Health Surveillance Systems Engineering
Published in Mangey Ram, Recent Advances in Mathematics for Engineering, 2020
Emmanouil-Nektarios Kalligeris, Alex Karagrigoriou, Christina Parpoula, Angeliki Lambrou
Population health is considered to be one of the most valuable commodities that lies at the heart of interest of both the society and the health profession (Starfield et al., 2005). Environmental changes, socioeconomic conditions, and changes in the epidemiology of diseases, along with the burden they cause on humanity, are the main axes that make public health surveillance necessary (see Teutsch and Thacker, 1995; Heath and Smeeth, 1999; Norbury et al., 2011). Public health surveillance can be defined as the “ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data regarding a health-related event that enables public health authorities to reduce morbidity and mortality” (Sosin, 2003). Surveillance provides services for various functions like the estimation of the burden of a disease, the identification of the probability distribution of an illness, the proposal of new research problems, the support and evaluation of prevention and control measures, and finally, facilitating planning (Sosin, 2003). The most significant scope of surveillance is the detection of an outbreak, namely the ability to identify an unusual increase in the disease frequency. However, the syndromic surveillance which is analyzed later is an approach for detecting early enough an outbreak by extending current capabilities.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Public health surveillance plays an important role in identifying and guiding the investigation of clusters/outbreaks of infection; and planning and monitoring the effectiveness of public health control measures and preventive actions. Surveillance information is also used to assess the health status of the population, evaluate programmes and identify important priorities for further surveillance and research.
Surveillance in Next-Generation Personalized Healthcare: Science and Ethics of Data Analytics in Healthcare
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Public health surveillance refers to the systemic, ongoing collection and analysis of data to be used in public health for assessment and appropriate response. The ultimate goal of surveillance is to inform public health practice. Furthermore, surveillance relies on multiple data sources such as data obtained from social media, data collected during health surveys, etc (Klingler et al. 2017). In public health surveillance, large volumes of real-time health data obtained from informed sources facilitate the early detection and prevention of health threats and the immediate response from authorities to control them. As a result, these informal sources of obtaining data have reduced the time it would normally take to transmit information. Furthermore, internet-based reports have improved communication, and ultimately surveillance, and the reporting frameworks (Chan et al. 2010). Regardless of its success, public health surveillance faces several ethical challenges.