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Viral and Bacterial Infection Prevention Through Intentional Design
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Debra Harris, Denise N. Williams
Influenza or flu viruses are primarily community-acquired viruses that infect 5% to 20% of U.S. residents each year, of which 3–11% are symptomatic.8,37 Influenza infections initially present with fever, body and muscle aches, cough, sneezing, and a sore throat as symptoms. Subsequently, more than 200,000 persons in the U.S. per year, on average, require medical care in ambulatory health care settings.8,38 Most often transmission occurs after an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks and emits aerosolized viral loads which go directly to nearby persons.39–41 Additionally, studies have found that viable influenza can persist on wooden and plastic surfaces for 2 days, on cotton and microfiber materials for 1 week, and on stainless steel for 2 weeks in both home and community settings.41–43 These surface-deposited viable surface influenza loads can also infect persons through contact.
RNA-Based Vaccines for Infectious Disease
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Deepa Dehari, Aiswarya Chaudhuri, Sanjay Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrawal
The influenza virus is a pulmonary pathogenic virus responsible for 250,000 to 500,000 fatalities yearly globally, and immunization is the most inexpensive way to prevent and handle influenza incidence [63–64]. Currently approved inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) comprise the hemagglutinin (HA) viral surface protein and trigger strain-specific antibody responses that defend against serologically matched or closely linked virus infections. Due to the increased mutation rate in HA, periodic vaccines must be modified every year to fit the transmitted viruses. Seasonal vaccines fail to protect against newly evolving influenza virus infections or pandemic incidences. As a result, for the past two decades, researchers have been working on a “universal” influenza vaccine that can provide wider safeguards against all subgroups of influenza A virus. Adjuvants, such as MF59, improve the depth of immune response triggered by seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, but not enough to overcome the temporary vaccine strain that alters constraint [65–66].
Modeling Virus Dynamics in Time and Space
Published in Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar, Spatial Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological Populations, 2021
Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar
Vaccination and antiviral treatment are two important prevention and control measures for the spread of influenza. Qiu and Feng [217] developed a mathematical model that includes both drug-sensitive and resistant strains to explore the impact of vaccination and antiviral treatment on the transmission dynamics of influenza. Eggo et al. [80] presented a statistical analysis of the spatiotemporal spread of the 1918 influenza pandemic and demonstrated the degree of spatial locality in the large-scale geographical spread of influenza between cities in England, Wales, and the United States. Wang [279] considered the influence of behavioral changes on the influenza spread. Li et al. [153] formulated a stochastic SIRS epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and varying population size to investigate the effect of stochastic environmental variability on inter-pandemic transmission dynamics of influenza A. Sufficient conditions for extinction and persistence of the disease were established.
Stochastic models of influenza outbreaks on a college campus
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
Subekshya Bidari, Eli E. Goldwyn
Influenza outbreaks occur regularly and are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. While the prevalence of influenza fluctuates from year to year, in a typical year it is associated with 40,000–50,000 deaths in the USA (Thompson et al., 2003; Viboud, Earn, Simonsen, Dushoff, & Plotkin, 2006). With some notable exceptions (most famously the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic), these fatalities predominantly occur in infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Influenza infection leads to a wide range of symptoms, from serious disorders involving the heart, lungs, brain or muscles to nearly symptomless infection (Zambon, Nicholson, & Wood, 2003). While not usually at high risk of fatality, college students experience substantial morbidity due to influenza infection. Survey data from the American College Health Association regularly lists ‘colds/flu/sore throat’ as a leading cause of lower exam scores and course grades (American College Health Association, 2016). As campus outbreaks can have high attack rates due to regular exposure in common living quarters, shared restrooms and social activities (National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, 2017; Sobal & Loveland, 1982), college students may be at high risk for infection during a pandemic outbreak.
An avian influenza model with latency and vaccination
Published in Dynamical Systems, 2019
Influenza A viruses can spread from infected birds to humans. Meanwhile, person-to-person transmission of such viruses has also been documented [4]. Humans infected by avian influenza exhibit symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and in severe cases can have breathing difficulty, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and respiratory failure. Avian influenza subtype H5N1 has been endemic in Asia and several other places, with 860 laboratory-confirmed human infections during 2003–2018; among these 454, or , have been fatal [35]. The world's first three human cases of avian influenza subtype H7N9 were reported in China in 2013. From 2013 to September 2017, five epidemic waves of H7N9 infection occurred that led to 1223 confirmed human cases [34]. Severe human infections of other subtypes of avian influenza (H7N3, H7N7, etc.) have also been reported [35]. If the situation continues without effective control, an avian influenza pandemic could occur among humans with potentially high mortality rates.
An ontology-based framework for extracting spatio-temporal influenza data using Twitter
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
Udaya K. Jayawardhana, Pece V. Gorsevski
Seasonal influenza is a viral disease which causes severe health issues and mortality in high-risk population groups through spreading from person to person (Fauci 2006; Wikramaratna and Gupta 2009). Seasonal influenza circulates globally and affects people from all ages, causing symptoms such as high fever, cough, headache, pain, sore throat, and runny nose. Seasonal influenza differs from influenza pandemic which spreads on a large scale caused by the emergence of new non-existent viruses as people have neither natural resistance nor there are readily available vaccines (Smith et al. 2009). Major pandemics such as the ‘Spanish flu’ (N1 subtype) killed over 50 million people worldwide in 1918–1919 while a different subtype strain of the same influenza (N2) caused a total of 69,800 and 33,800 deaths in 1957–1958 and 1968–1969, respectively, in the US alone. Other examples of recent worldwide influenza varieties include the avian influenza (H5N1 and H7N9), caused by domestic poultry from 2003 and the swine flu (H1N1) that caused a worldwide pandemic in 2009 (Meltzer, Cox, and Fukuda 1999; Yoldascan et al. 2010). Occasionally, new genotypes of viruses are established when viruses cross between birds and mammals, but not all subtypes will mutate into highly pathogenic forms that cause severe illnesses or deaths (Wikramaratna and Gupta 2009).