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Infection and Disease Transmission
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Pathogens can also pass from person to person through the transfer of bodily fluids such blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and so on. In 1976, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first discovered in central Africa. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Within four years the virus had spread throughout the planet resulting in more than 36 million deaths. Today, there are two predominant strains of HIV, and they are referred to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Worldwide, the majority of HIV infections are HIV-1. While HIV-2 occurs predominantly in West Africa, it has been reported in other countries, including the United States (Peruski et al., 2020).
Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system. If HIV remains untreated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). There is currently no effective cure for this syndrome; once infected, it is for life. HIV-infected people are at higher risk of developing cancer, although it is globally diminished in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) (Shmakova et al. 2020) (Figure 12.7).
RNA-Based Vaccines for Infectious Disease
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Deepa Dehari, Aiswarya Chaudhuri, Sanjay Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrawal
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes infection in humans. HIV-1 is the most common type of HIV. By damaging crucial cells that battle infectious agents, it diminishes a person’s immune system and causes it to malfunction. HIV specifically harms and destroys CD4 cells, a type of immune cell known as a T cell. As HIV harms more CD4 cells, the body becomes more susceptible to a variety of diseases and cancers. HIV-1 infection can eventually lead to acute immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [42–44]. Presently, there is no efficient treatment for HIV. It can, however, can be managed with the right medical care.
An indirect prioritization approach to optimizing sample referral networks for HIV early infant diagnosis
Published in IISE Transactions, 2022
Reut Noham, Michal Tzur, Dan Yamin
Those newly born, who can acquire the virus during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (De Cock et al. 2000), have the highest risk of dying from HIV. The mortality probability of untreated infected infants exceeds 30% during their first year of life and reaches 60% by the age of 3 years (Newell et al.,2004). Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) is used to suppress HIV, stop its progression, and prevent further transmission. Significant reductions in the rates of death and infections have been observed under ART, particularly when it is initiated in the early stages of the disease (Violari et al.,2008). Thus, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends ART for all individuals with HIV in general and infants in particular as soon as possible after diagnosis (Dickover et al., 1996; Egger et al.,1997; Mocroft et al., 1998; Hogg et al., 1999; Hogg et al., 2001).
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 is a RNA virus that transcribes its RNA core into DNA through the action of reverse transcriptase, which subsequently is integrated in the host cell DNA. This virus primarily infects CD4-positive T-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. There is no evidence that HIV-1 causes cancer directly. However HIV-1 increases cancer risk because it gives rise to a severe immunodeficiency, leading to an enhanced risk from secondary carcinogens. For example, the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is enhanced as a result of ‘the profound depletion of CD4-positive T lymphocytes that is caused by HIV-1 and allows the dysregulation of B-cell control, and the expression of the effects of lymphotrophic viruses’ (IARC 2012b, 223). Despite the integration of the cDNA transcript of the viral RNA in the genome, there is no apparent evidence that HIV induces chromosomal or genetic damage.
Optimization of formulation and process variables using central composite design for the production of nevirapine spray dried solid dispersion
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Ashok Mahajan, Naazneen Surti, Priyal Patel, Naziya Gheewala, Ashwini Patel, Dimal Shah
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an advanced stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is a lentivirus which attacks human immune system by reducing CD4 cells, a type of T cells. This leads to progressive failure of the immune system that allows life-threatening infections and cancers to thrive.[1,2] According to UNAIDS, the number of cases of HIV/AIDS infection, across the globe, were found to be approximately 37.9 million. Out of these, 36.2 million were adults and 1.7 million were children (<15 years old).[3]