China 
Africa 
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Bronchoalveolar lavage in drug-induced lung disease
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Francesco Bonella, Esra Uzaslan, Josune Guzman, Ulrich Costabel
The major role of BAL is to exclude infections, above all the opportunistic types. This is essential especially in patients with acute febrile interstitial lung disease and in those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Under administration of corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological drugs, the development of bacterial, fungal, parasitic (including Pneumocystis) and viral infections is common. BAL has a high sensitivity and specificity (> 95 per cent) to diagnose Pneumocystis pneumonia. Globally, the sensitivity of BAL in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia is 60–90 per cent, and in mycobacterial, fungal and viral infections it is 70–80 per cent.24
Trichoderma after crossing kingdoms: infections in human populations
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Uener Ribeiro dos Santos, Jane Lima dos Santos
To assess the case-fatality rates (CFR) of Trichodermosis, data from patients whose clinical outcomes were reported as survivors or dead were used. These patients are listed in Tables 1–2. Trichoderma infections exhibited a global CFR of 31.43 from 1970 to 2022 (n = 70 cases), with a variation from 46.7 in the 1990s (n = 11) to 28 in the 2000s (n = 23), to 14.3 in the 2010s (n = 20), and a rise in 2020s to 30.8 (n = 13) (Figure 4A). Immunocompromised patients displayed a higher CFR = 39.1 (n = 47) and non-immunocompromised patients CFR = 9.5 (n = 21), with variation between decades (Figure 4B-D). Some factors seems to have contributed to this variation in CFR of trichodermosis over decades: 1) increased incidence of immunocompromised individuals (oncology, organ transplant, and AIDS); 2) new therapeutic strategies and new antifungal therapies that improve prognosis, survival, and life expectancy of immunocompromised patients; 3) advancement of methods for diagnosis and surveillance of fungal infections; and 4) greater exposure of the population to Trichoderma species capable of producing disease. Nevertheless, the real impact of each of these factors can not be measured based upon the scarcity of data available thus far. Other fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, specially HIV/AIDS patients, have mortality rates that range from 10–30% for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 10–60% for histoplasmosis, and 10–33% for talaromycosis (formerly penicilliosis), depending upon geographical location, whether a correct diagnosis is made, presence of adequate clinical infrastructure, and access to therapeutic drugs (Limper et al. 2017).
DFT studies of temperature effect on coordination chemistry of Cu(II)-trimethoprim complexes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Malik Zaheer Ahmed, Uzma Habib
It is effective against most of the common bacterial species and is used in combination with sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia infections in AIDS’s patients [3], infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [4]. However, trimethoprim alone is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections [5].