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X-ray Vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT Scans
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
After the exam, a radiologist carefully examines each image, searching for signs that may indicate a tumor's possible presence (Figure 5.26c). However, mammography is only a screening technique, that is, it cannot definitely identify those women who suffer from breast cancer, but rather, offers some indication of which women are most likely to be found to have breast cancer upon further examination. All a mammogram can detect is a region of increased radiopaqueness – there is no definitive x-ray signature of a malignant tumor; only a biopsy (a direct examination of a tissue sample) can prove that a mass actually is cancerous. The majority of mammograms appear normal, but in a few percentages of all cases, a suspicious finding warrants more investigation. The woman examined is informed about the results of her mammogram and given advice on any necessary follow-up exams. The next step after a positive (suspicious) mammogram may be a second diagnostic mammogram performed with magnification and at higher spatial resolution. Another common follow-up exam is the use of high resolution ultrasound to distinguish between cysts and solid tumors (Chapter 4). Benign, fluid-filled cysts can also be diagnosed by aspiration with a needle to remove fluid. If a mass is found to be solid, a biopsy must be performed to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.
Breast imaging
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Grey-scale ultrasound is the primary imaging technique under the age of 35 or 40 years (according to local protocol) because in younger women breast tissue is more dense to X-rays reducing diagnostic sensitivity and increasing radiation dose. Colour Doppler imaging can assist in assessing vascularity but rarely changes the diagnosis. Ultrasound elastography (see page 682) has become increasingly useful for refining benign versus malignant diagnosis by assessing the ‘stiffness’ of tissue, as benign lesions tend to be softer and more deformable. Ultrasound is also used to further assess indeterminate abnormalities on mammography, and as an adjunct in triple assessment of a mass, even if mammography is negative. Some cancers, particularly lobular carcinoma, will show on ultrasound but not on mammography. Simple cysts can be characterised accurately by ultrasound obviating the need for other diagnostic approaches. Ultrasound is also the quickest way of performing image-guided biopsy. Ultrasound of the axilla, with biopsy of any suspicious nodes, is performed for any patient with a breast lesion suspected to be cancer, in order to assess axillary lymph node status. If nodal metastases are confirmed at diagnosis the need for more invasive peri-operative procedures is obviated.
Big Data in Medical Image Processing
Published in R. Suganya, S. Rajaram, A. Sheik Abdullah, Big Data in Medical Image Processing, 2018
R. Suganya, S. Rajaram, A. Sheik Abdullah
A cyst is the medical term used to describe a space of roundish or saclike shape in some part of the body. It may be empty or contain watery or mucus types of fluid. It is not uncommon to find one or several small cysts in the liver when a patient has an ultrasound scan or CAT scan of the abdomen for some reason. The vast majority of these cysts are found by chance as they do not produce any symptoms. It is important to rule out Hydrated disease. This condition occurs when humans ingest dog tape worm, Echinococcus granulose which can invade the liver causing cysts. This may occur in areas where sheep and cattle raising are done. These can be differentiated from simple cysts, this is important as they may require treatment to avoid rupturing. Good standards of hygiene and regular deworming of dogs can prevent these infections.
Analysis of the influence of pre-processing techniques with convolutional neural networks for automatic detection of cysts in wisdom teeth
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Danilo Oliveira, J. B. Barreto, I. M. Mesquita, I. C. Paula Jr, F. N. Chaves, M. B. S. Sampieri, J. P. Madeiro
Most cysts have a slow and painless initial growth, which makes their diagnosis difficult, and in many cases, they go unnoticed. Determining the location and size of dental diseases, even with the presence of physical indicators, such as pain, colour, and loss of function, is a challenging task that becomes even more difficult in asymptomatic cases. In such circumstances, the use of dental radiographs with interpretation by a well-trained professional is necessary for diagnosis. However, considering the human factor, errors that would lead to incorrect treatment due to a wrong diagnosis can be made even by specialists (Birdal et al. 2016). Therefore, studies are being developed involving Computer Vision (CV) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the analysis of dental images in order to optimise the diagnosis process.