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Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
This condition is the result of either ductal obstructions due to sialoliths or strictures in the ductal architecture. These patients usually give a history of a recurrent painful swelling that may be present with or without the presence of pus. This condition is most commonly found in the parotid gland and can affect one or both glands. Some studies have highlighted neonates and the elderly as more predisposed to the acute form of this condition. Examination of the patient usually reveals the presence of regional lymphadenopathy and he/she will be pyrexial, the most common bacterial pathogen implicated being Staphylococcus aureus. Patients present with varying clinical findings that may include a unilateral localised abscess, the presence of suppuration and/or cellulitis. The prescription of an appropriate antibiotic is necessary to treat the acute condition and, on resolution, the patient should then be re-referred for sialography.
Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Innate or non-specific defensive systems are the first line of protection against all harmful microorganisms. They can work irrespective of the type of microbe. They include the following: Anatomical barriers: This includes mechanical barriers including the skin that physically keeps microorganisms out while mucous membranes of the respiratory and urinogenital tract of the food canal traps microorganisms. In fact, mucous membranes comprise a natural collection or flora of microorganisms that keep foreign organisms out.Physiological barriers: The structure of the human body protects these pathogens. Therefore, the elevated temperature of the human body in the form of fever along with the acidic aspect of the stomach, holds away certain pathogens. Chemical mediators, such as lysozyme present in tears, have been shown to break bacterial cell walls.Phagocytosis and endocytosis: WBCs eliminate and digest the pathogen, while specialized cells engulf and break down foreign particles.Inflammatory reactions: Tissue injury and inflammation cause leakage of serum vascular fluid proteins containing antibacterial agent and inflow of white blood cells contributing to pus development.
Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Brucella (brucellosis), undulant fever, or Bang's disease, is a bacterial disease caused by any one of four species of Coccobacilli. They are naturally occurring diseases, one normally a pathogen in cattle and the others in goats, pigs, swine, sheep, reindeer, caribou, coyotes, and dogs. The organisms can be contracted by humans through ingestion of unpasteurized milk and cheese, or from inhalation of aerosols generated on farms and in slaughterhouses. Skin lesions on persons who have come in contact with infected animals can also spread infection. This bacteria was also in the U.S. biological offensive weapons arsenal before the program was ended. If this bacteria was used by terrorists, it would have to be aerosolized for inhalation by victims or be used to contaminate food supplies. Brucella is present worldwide among the animal populations, but is especially prevalent in the Mediterranean countries of Europe and in Africa, India, Mexico, and South America. The disease is also common in populations that eat raw caribou. When the animal population has a high rate of infection, the rate of disease occurrence is also higher in humans. The infectious dose of brucella is unknown. Symptoms are nonspecific and insidious upon onset (the disease is well established when the symptoms appear). Symptoms include:Intermittent feverHeadacheWeaknessProfuse sweatingChillsArthralgiaLocalized suppurative (pus-forming) infections
Evaluating patient turn effectiveness using turn-assist technologies
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Aleksandra R. Budarick, Christopher Moore, Steven L. Fischer
Once a PU is developed, specific treatment options depend on the severity of the wound, specific patient characteristics and the healthcare setting. However, multiple reliable treatment methods have emerged from the literature. Specifically, positioning and support surfaces, protein supplementation, local would applications, surgery or other adjunctive therapies, including electrical stimulation, have all been shown to effectively treat Pus [8,9]. Some of these treatments introduce a higher risk of complication to the patient (i.e., surgery), which would decrease the efficacy of the treatment method. The approach that introduces the least risk to the patient is the use of a support surface, especially for those patients who have severe PUs or are completely immobile [9,10]. These soft surfaces can be active (i.e., alternating-pressure mattress) or passive (i.e., foam pad) and are designed to reduce the magnitude of pressure between the surface and patient.
Skin wounds, the healing process, and hydrogel-based wound dressings: a short review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Tainara de Paula de Lima Lima, Marcele Fonseca Passos
One of these wounds’ main characteristics is the persistence of dead tissue in the injured area [33]. Furthermore, some factors obstruct this healing process, ranging from insufficient blood supply in the damaged region to foreign bodies or infections caused by microorganisms, leading to the appearance of exudate/pus [5,34]. As this type of wound is related to tissue degradation, the performance of chemical and biochemical agents, such as neutrophils, is accentuated 10 to 40 times more than in acute injuries, leading to a deterioration of both hormones and factors of growth, which helps in delaying the healing process [35].
Eco-friendly nanocellulose and its biomedical applications: current status and future prospect
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Layer of nanocellulose assists various functions such as feasible application of medication, soak up the discharging pus, has a sedative effect, prevents inflammation as well as loss of fluids and physical properties of nanocellulose make it suitable for skin tissue repair [175]. Dugan and his colleagues synthesised a layer of nanocellulose with bacterial cellulose and propolis extract that exhibit suitable characteristics for wound healing and subsequent retrieval and it is feasibly removed from the surface of the wound [163].