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Emerging Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches to Mitigate COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Maria Shoukat, Samiullah Khan, Arshad Islam, Maleeha Azam, Malik Badshah
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious health threat to the globe. The total number of cases around the globe had reached 178,587,177 by June 19, 2020, with mortality cases of around 3,866,643 in numbers inspiring a sprint to find new approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat this viral infection (Worldometer 2021). This viral infection of COVID-19 is a pulmonary disease with symptoms of fever, pneumonia, sore throat, respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, and shortness of breath, or dyspnea. Since the preliminary epidemic starting in December 2019 in Wuhan (China), the virus has spread globally with an exponential growth rate. Keeping in view, the pandemic situation, the World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed it as “Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)” on January 30, 2020. Furthermore, the outbreak was declared as “Pandemic” later, on March 11, 2020 (Boopathi et al. 2020).
Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
The COVID-19 clinical features vary from an asymptomatic state to ARDS and multi-organ dysfunction. The important clinical properties are fatigue, myalgia, headache, cough, breathlessness, sore throat and fever. Generally, COVID-19 patients have fever (85%), cough (70%) and shortness of breath (43%); however, abdominal and other asymptomatic symptoms are often appropriate. Conjunctivitis has also been defined as indistinguishable from other respiratory infections. Finally, the disease may progress to respiratory failure, pneumonia and death. These progressions are associated with a marked increase in inflammatory cytokines (Chen et al., 2020). The intermediate time of symptoms is dyspnea: fifth day, hospitalization: seventh day and eighth day: ARDS. In the disease progression, 25–30% of affected patients require intensive care. Complications includes ARDS, acute lung injury, acute kidney injury and other complications, namely, cardiac, cardiovascular or acute stroke. During the second and third week, patients start recovering; such recovery may be extensive. Unfavourable outcomes and death are more common for elderly people (Coronavirus Outbreak, 2020).
Biological Agents
Published in Katarzyna Majchrzycka, Małgorzata Okrasa, Justyna Szulc, Respiratory Protection Against Hazardous Biological Agents, 2020
A novel member of human coronavirus – severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 disease was found in China at the end of 2019. It was proven that it is closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough and shortness of breath. It is spread by human-to-human transmission, which is most probably airborne. Exposure to the new coronavirus affects all occupational groups, and in particular healthcare. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern, following H1N1 (2009), polio (2014), Ebola in West Africa (2014), Zika (2016) and Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2019) [Lai 2020; Uddin 2020; Zhang 2020; Zou 2020].
Personal protective equipments (PPEs) for COVID-19: a product lifecycle perspective
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Shubhendu Kumar Singh, Raj Pradip Khawale, Haiyong Chen, Haolong Zhang, Rahul Rai
One of the main symptoms of COVID-19 infection is shortness of breath. Ventilators, as displayed in Figure 7, aid a patient with breath shortness symptom. An extremely high demand for ventilators created a ventilator shortage at the beginning of the pandemic. To cut short the production time and meet the sudden surge in demand, several companies such as Ford and GM (Siddiqui 2020) are contemplating designing and manufacturing cheaper alternative variants of the ventilator in a limited time frame. Thanks to 3D-printing technology, some key components, such as oxygen adapters and peep valves, can be designed and manufactured anywhere. A tested design from Isinnova (Sher 2020) is to connect a 3D-printed adapter to make a snorkelling mask into a non-invasive ventilator (NIP). A team from Oregon Health & Science University (Robinson 2020) used 3D-printing to manufacture a ventilator that does not require electricity. Besides 3D-printed designs, a University of California San Diego team developed (Caldwell 2020) an innovative design that can transform a single ventilator to be used by four patients simultaneously.
Impulsive Behavior Detection System Using Machine Learning and IoT
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Soumya Jyoti Raychaudhuri, Soumya Manjunath, Chithra Priya Srinivasan, N. Swathi, S. Sushma, Nitin Bhushan K. N., C. Narendra Babu
Stress and diabetes are very strongly linked to each other and studies have proven that increased stress levels have resulted in fluctuation in the hormonal activities resulting in not only elevated glucose levels but also an early onset of diabetes and many times aggravation of the existing diabetic conditions [11]. Higher stress levels have also resulted in increase in the onset of peptic ulcers [12]. This can be detected by performing Endoscopy which is an invasive procedure. Based on the experiments conducted by Jong Yoon Choi and team [13], stressful situations lead to shortness of breath as anxiety leads to tightening of muscles. To cope up with this, the person breathes faster in turn causing strain in the breathing muscles. Breathing disorders could be detected by the measurement of amount of air exhaled by the person.
Letter to the editor
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Callan Krevanko, Rebecca Stern, Petros Koutrakis
Like many other coronavirus diseases, COVID-19 is associated with respiratory tract symptoms, including cough and shortness of breath. Many COVID-19 patients also experience a fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, body aches, and diminished senses of smell or taste (COVID-19 basics). COVID-19 is primarily spread through person-to-person contact when droplets carrying the virus travel from an infected person via coughing, sneezing, or saliva. The virus can also spread through contact with an infected surface or object or potentially through aerosolized viral particles emitted by an infected person while talking or breathing (COVID-19 basics). A recent study supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases showed that COVID-19 aerosolized particles remain viable in the air for 3 hr (van Doremalen et al. 2020). The residence time of the virus on the order of hours provides an opportunity for new people to become infected upon inhaling the residually suspended bioaerosols (Meselson 2020). Studies have demonstrated that COVID-19 transmits efficiently, estimating that each case can be expected to generate between 2.2 and 2.5 secondary cases (He, Lau, and Wu et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020; Wu, Leung, and Leung 2020). In comparison, a systematic literature review of 24 studies found that the median number of cases expected to be generated by a single seasonal flu case was 1.24 (Biggerstaff et al. 2014). Evidence has also shown that COVID-19 can be transmitted by asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic carriers (He, Lau, and Wu et al. 2020; Rothe et al. 2020).