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Nanoparticle-Based Therapy in Chronic Obstructive and Infectious Lung Diseases: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Ana Catarina Moreira, Gaber E. Batiha, Noura H. Abdellah, Natália Cruz-Martins
The currently available therapeutic options for COPD symptoms control include anticholinergics, β2-agonists, and inhaled corticosteroids. However, the airways immune response represents one of the main challenges faced by NNMs (Maurya and Singh, 2019). Thus, considering the COPD physio-pathology, airways defense, severe inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion are the main barriers for NNMs delivery and efficacy. Although, in the last 20 years, there has been an increase in nanotechnology research, also with a growing interest in new therapeutic approaches development for COPD, very few have been tested so far. Vij et al. (2011) described the potential of a multifunctional polymeric vesicle formed by a mixture of poly(ethylene glycol) and PLGA (PLGAPEG) to obtain a combined drug delivery that is prednisolone and/or theophylline. More recently, Muralidharan et al. (2016) reported the anti-inflammatory efficacy of dimethyl fumarate-containing advanced inhalable dry powders, using an in vitro predictive lung deposition model, and found that the aerosol deposition patterns of these particles were able to reach the lower airways.
Early Detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Influence on Lung Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Lung Imaging and CADx, 2019
Amany F. Elbehairy, Ahmed Sadaka
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, of which more than 70 are known to cause, initiate, or promote cancer and are called carcinogens. Of these, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone are likely to play major roles. COPD involves destruction of the lung parenchyma and airway inflammation, causing emphysema and chronic bronchitis, respectively. This invariably results in chronic airflow limitation, a hallmark feature of the disease. This not only is manifest as air trapping and poor clearance of secretions but also leads to chronic retention of airborne carcinogens. Persistent exposure to these carcinogens will create a continuous stimulus for the airway epithelial to undergo mesenchymal transformation and bronchoalveolar stem cell stimulation, which are two central components of the carcinogenesis process [21].
Current and Future Prospects in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu
COPD is a progressive inflammatory lung disease characterized by chronic bronchitis, airway thickening, and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is associated with bronchial damage (Figure 7.3). The irritation and swelling of bronchial tubes with loss of cilia movements lead to bronchitis associated with intense coughing and shortness of breath. Frequent coughing makes the tubes more irritated, secretes more mucus, and worsens breathing [5]. While during emphysema, walls inside the alveoli disappear, leading to the collapse of small sacs to form a larger sac (Figure 7.3). Larger sacs exhibit poor oxygen absorption compared to smaller sacs. Moreover, due to alveoli damage, lungs get stretched out and lose their elasticity which eventually makes the airway flabby and traps air in the lungs leading to difficulty in breathing. Thus, COPD is majorly characterized by symptoms like shortness of breath, wheezing, frequent coughing (with and without mucus), persistent chesty cough with phlegm, frequent cold, and respiratory infection. Under worsened patient conditions, lips or fingernail turn blue or gray due to insufficiency of oxygen level in the blood, fast heartbeat, reduction of mental alertness, and fatigue [6]. The pathogenesis of COPD is not clear. However, literature reports high inflammatory cell infiltration in the central airway, the predominance of CD8+ cells and macrophage in bronchial mucosa, tumor necrosis factor-α, and perforins which eventually activate –Fas ligand apoptotic pathway which would damage lungs and cause emphysema. The circulating neutrophils count also increases which potentiates the secretion of cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, proteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8), and MMP-9. The elevated level of proteases promotes the destruction of alveoli and stimulates mucus secretion and inflammation [7].
World Trade Center Health Program best practices for diagnosing and treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
James E. Cone, Rafael E. de la Hoz
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was, in 2019, the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide.1 The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), a collaboration between the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization has defined COPD as persistent airflow limitation.2 It is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases. In the past, it was often associated with a history of cigarette smoking but is now recognized by the GOLD guideline as being significantly associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution and occupational toxicant exposures. The three key symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and production of sputum. However, note that spirometry with bronchodilator response testing is presently required for a COPD diagnosis.
Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Felix Effah, Benjamin Taiwo, Deborah Baines, Alexis Bailey, Tim Marczylo
Flavor additives in food may undergo enzymatic metabolism, which might produce fewer toxic metabolites due to phase I and II metabolism (Del Olmo, Calzada, and Nuñez 2017). In contrast, exposure to GRAS-like substances by inhalation after thermal degradation may produce pharmacologically active compounds that produce severe adverse health effects (Fedan et al. 2006). Rose (2017) reported that occupational diacetyl inhalation exposure might lead to bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), more commonly referred to as “popcorn lung.” Bronchiolitis obliterans induced severe coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, symptoms resembling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Aguilar, Michelson, and Isakow 2016). van Rooy et al. (2007) conducted an epidemiological study in the Netherlands suggesting a causal link between BO and chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavorings. The British Medical Association (BMA) believes flavors’ safety should be closely monitored as evidence for potential adverse effects are emerging after heating and inhalation of e-liquid aerosol (Sassano et al. 2018). The medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (MHRA) collects UK reports of EC’s harmful effects and safety concerns through their yellow-card scheme (https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/).