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Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality during COVID-19 Outbreak
Published in Satya Prakash Maurya, Akhilesh Kumar Yadav, Ramesh Singh, Modeling and Simulation of Environmental Systems, 2023
Anant Patel, Neha Keriwala, Prutha Patel, Arohi Singh
Air pollution is the discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere that harms human and environmental health. Nearly nine out of ten people share the same air, with poorer nations suffering from pollution levels above WHO safety requirements (Yadav et al., 2013). Air is necessary for Earth’s survival and development. It has a huge influence on the country’s health and economic prosperity. People are growing more worried about declining air quality due to increased pollution from industrialization, private automobiles, and fossil fuel consumption. As a result, pollutants such sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and PM2.5 are prevalent in the atmosphere (Pandya et al., 2017; Yadav et al., 2019). Air pollution is the presence of toxic compounds in the atmosphere that impair human health, the environment, or materials. Some contaminants are gases, particles, and biological. Air pollution may harm people’s health, plants and animals, and even the built environment.
History of Air Pollution and the Beginning of Air Regulations in the United States
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
According to the World Health Organization, nine out of ten humans breathe air containing high levels of pollutants, and nearly every human is exposed to at least some level of pollutants from direct or indirect anthropogenic sources with every breath (World Health Organization 2021). Air pollution causes strokes, heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infections. Ambient (outdoor) air and indoor air containing pollutants were responsible for approximately seven million premature deaths worldwide as of 2018 (World Health Organization 2021). A sad fact is that, with all the environmental regulations in most every country, air quality continues to decline and now significantly affects everyone in every country (World Health Organization 2021; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021).
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Published in H. B. Glushakow, Energy Miracles, 2022
The main sources of air pollution include cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains. Also, electric power plants, oil refineries, industrial plants, and factories are major sources. In today’s world, fossil fuel combustion is the biggest contributor to air pollution, with the leading culprit being the fuel combustion from motor vehicles. The sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas is the major cause of this air pollution.
A Stackelberg game model with tax for regional air pollution control
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2023
Ran Jiang, Laijun Zhao, Lei Guo, Qin Wang, Yujing Xie, Jian Xue
Governments use several environmental instruments to cope with air pollution. The most direct one is command-and-control (CAC) (Bakam et al., 2012; Böcher, 2012), which is effective in the short term but is likely far from cost-effective in the long run (Kolstad,1986; Guo & Lu, 2019). In China, CAC is the main instrument to manage the environment, under which the central government formulates pollution reduction quotas for local governments according to their pollution status (Xie et al., 2016), then local governments have to achieve the quotas independently, regardless of the costs. Eichner and Pethig (2018) pointed out that the emission–allocation rule is inefficient if emissions standards are the single instrument. In practice, the abatement costs for every local government are different due to the differences in the development of society, technology and economy. Thus, CAC may not be an effective way to improve air quality for large regions of China, because the differences in abatement costs between local governments are ignored.
Towards an energy management system based on a multi-agent architecture and LSTM networks
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Seif Eddine Bouziane, Mohamed Tarek Khadir
Air pollution refers to the mixture of gases and solid particles in the air, this mixture can reach unhealthy concentrations, and its dangerous consequences can range from illnesses and health problems to death. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that outdoor pollution caused around 4.2 deaths in 2016, mainly due to the rising earth’s temperature, leading to what is known as global warming. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases (GHG) and mainly the CO2, these gases trap the earth’s heat in the atmosphere that leads to climate change, and its consequences like melting the ice caps, increasing the seas levels, etc. Air pollution in general and GHG in particular is caused by different sources, but one of the main causes is energy production and consumption (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
Optimization of performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine powered with Azolla pinnata fuel blends – A response surface methodology approach
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Sakthivel Rajamohan, Mohanraj Thangamuthu, Ganesh Kumar Pandurangan, Sukhapradha Vivekanandan, Anoop Ramadasan
The transportation sector is one of the largest producers of greenhouse gases such as oxides of carbon and nitrogen. Due to the increase in greenhouse gases, there is a huge temperature difference observed in the planet’s atmosphere. This has exposed a change in the climatic pattern and the environment. 8% of the 25,000 species that have gone extinct is due to climatic changes (Sanjuán 2020). More than 50% of the flora and fauna found on the face of this planet are at danger of extinction (Stafford 2018). Air pollution causes high risks of diseases like asthma, cancer, and premature deaths. This has caused more than 30 lakh deaths per annum which is one of the worst single destructors of lives in the world. This number is likely to increase by twofolds in the next 30 years (Vidal 2016).