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Viral and Bacterial Infection Prevention Through Intentional Design
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Debra Harris, Denise N. Williams
There are several pathogenic bacteria that are necessary to consider, especially Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), Enterococci bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). (It is important to note that both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are included in this list of pathogenic bacteria.) These specific bacteria have all largely presented as concerning hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), but some are now presenting in concerning community spread events outside of health care facilities.4–8C. difficile, Enterococci bacteria, and S. aureus are most widely discussed in the context of indoor community environments.
New Strategies to Discover Non-Ribosomal Peptides as a Source of Antibiotics Molecules
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Mario Alberto Martínez-Núñez, Zuemy Rodríguez-Escamilla, Víctor López y López
The antibiotic resistance has always been present in bacteria, even before the use of antibiotics as a medical molecule. Antibiotic resistance is common in contemporary and ancient environmental bacteria, and the genes associated to this phenotype are similar to those present in pathogens (Pawlowski et al., 2016). Antibiotic resistance is acquired either through mutations or by horizontal gene transfer of resistance related genes (Martinez and Baquero, 2000; Furusawa et al., 2018). However, since the 1940s, the use of antibiotics has been transformed as one of the main evolutionary forces driving antibiotic resistance through a selection of mobile elements that have incremented the resistance capacity of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, acquiring a variety of elements that conferred redundant protection against individual antibiotics (Fisher et al., 2005; Pawlowski et al., 2016). The indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat infections in human and animals, for growth promotion in animals, aquaculture or agricultural production, suggests that a substantial fraction of diverse antibiotics ends up in the environment such as wastewater, sludge, soil, river water and others; where bacteria are exposed for long periods of time to low concentrations of diverse antibiotics that are presents due of anthropogenic activities (Wistrand-Yuen et al., 2018). Additionally, clinical doses of diverse antibiotics offer selective benefits to naturally occurring resistant bacteria, resulting in evolutionary dynamics of antibiotic resistance (Furusawa et al., 2018).
Diffuse pollution-principles, definitions and regulatory aspects
Published in R. Hranova, Diffuse Pollution of Water Resources, 2005
Microorganisms are commonly present in surface water, but they are usually absent from most ground water because of the filtering action of the aquifer. A wide variety of microorganisms could be found in surface water, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. The most common microorganisms are bacteria. They vary in shape and size from about 1 to 4 μm. Disease-causing bacteria are called “pathogenic” bacteria. These bacteria, which require oxygen for their survival, are called “aerobic”, while those, which thrive in an environment free of oxygen, are “anaerobic”. “Facultative bacteria” are those that live either with or without free oxygen.
Pathogen contamination of groundwater systems and health risks
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yiran Dong, Zhou Jiang, Yidan Hu, Yongguang Jiang, Lei Tong, Ying Yu, Jianmei Cheng, Yu He, Jianbo Shi, Yanxin Wang
The infection by pathogenic bacteria is primarily through their growth inside the small intestine/lung systems of hosts (e.g., Salmonella and Legionella spp.) or by the release of toxins (e.g., Campylobacter, Shigella, V. cholera and some species of E. coli) (Krauss & Griebler, 2011, Nisa et al., 2020; Khalil et al., 2021). The typical symptoms for bacterial infection include acute gastrointestinal illness with watery diarrhea, fever, and dehydration. In addition, some pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Legionella spp.) can also establish parasitic relationships with multiple hosts including protozoa and human. Protozoa (e.g., amebae and ciliates) can act as the primordial phagocytes and provide nutritional advantages and shelters for Legionella species. Promoted replication in built environments such as potable and non-potable water systems and potential inhalation of contaminated aerosols can result in the transmission of Legionella species to human lungs. Active replication of L. pneumophila in humans can cause legionnaires’ disease, life-threatening pneumonia for immunocompromised people (Oliva et al., 2018).
Isolation and characterization of yogurt starter cultures from traditional yogurts and growth kinetics of selected cultures under lab-scale fermentation
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Selma Kayacan Çakmakoğlu, Melike Vurmaz, Emine Bezirci, Yasemin Kaya, Hilal Dikmen, Hamza Göktaş, Fatmanur Demirbaş, Betül Encu, Esra Acar Soykut, Filiz Alemdar, İbrahim Çakır, M. Zeki Durak, Muhammet Arıcı, Osman Sağdıç, Mustafa Türker, Enes Dertli
Yogurt and other fermented food products have functional roles due to the presence of certain LAB species with some of them are also starter cultures, that can also become an important part of the human microbiome where they are supposed to trigger some metabolic characteristics positively affecting the human health. Antibiotic resistance is a global threat and resistant bacterial species would transfer the antibiotic resistance via horizontal gene transfer of the antibiotic resistance genes to distinct bacterial species especially pathogenic bacteria within the human microbiome.[4,30] As starter cultures can be taken at higher levels, the presence of antibiotic resistance among the starter cultures can increase the risk for the resistance transfer. In this respect, the antibiotic resistance of the yogurt starter cultures was determined against 11 different antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) (Table 3). We should note that the antibiotic resistance among the yogurt starter cultures was at significantly low levels as only three Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin and three and four S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains, respectively appeared to be resistant to kanamycin (Table 3). No resistance of the yogurt starter cultures was observed to the other nine antibiotics and most of the strains were highly susceptible to the tested antibiotics demonstrating a high level of susceptibility of the S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains isolated in this study. In a previous study all Lactobacillus strains including Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin[30] and this resistance was suggested to be related to the fact that strains of Lactobacillus were reported to have a natural resistance to antibiotics as inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis including ciprofloxacin.[31] This fact suggests that the resistance of the three Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus isolated to ciprofloxacin in this study was not surprising. Additionally, kanamycin is also one of the antibiotics that LAB can show natural resistance,[31] and the resistance of LAB includes S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains were demonstrated to be at high levels in comparison to our findings.[14,30,32] Overall, very low level of antibiotic resistance among S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains were observed in this study that strengthening their potential to be used as starter cultures.