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Africa 
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Conditional Replication of Oncolytic Virus Based on Detection of Oncogenic mRNA
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Rakesh Sharma, Arvind Trivedi, Robert Moffatt
Systemically administered interleukin-2 can induce durable disease control in about 10% of treated patients. Interestingly, a replication-defective adenovirus exhibited the interleukin-2 gene–induced responses in some tumor locations directly injected with the adenovirus but not in distant metastases (93). In the replication-defective adenovirus TNFerade, TNF alpha cytokine was driven by a radiation-inducible promoter to achieve high local TNF levels without detectable levels in the blood and the associated toxicities of systemic TNF (94). Early phase trials of TNFerade gave encouraging results with melanoma (95). A phase III trial recently found no survival benefit in patients with pancreatic cancer (96). So, it was not established whether the radiation-inducible promoter present in that non-replicating oncolytic virus actually led to significant TNF expression in patients. CD154 has shown promise—in a phase I/IIa trial of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, intravesicular adenovirus carrying CD154 led to the absence of tumors on cystectomy in three out of five patients with high-risk cancer with plans for cystectomy and to tumor shrinkage in one out of three patients who had stage Ta tumors (97). A replication-defective adenovirus delivering a modified form of CD154 with increased membrane stability was injected into lymph nodes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and in a dose-escalation study it reduced lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly in most patients (98).
Respiratory involvement from herbals
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Tracey K Riley, Kahoko Taki, Christopher P Holstege
The signs and symptoms commonly encountered in patients with pulmonary toxicity due to herbal products include fever, cough, dyspnoea with exertion and hypoxaemia.19,26 Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates can be seen on chest roentgenograms.19,26 Chest computed tomography may show diffuse infiltrates and widely disseminated ground-glass opacities.19,44 Also, patients may demonstrate a restrictive pattern on pulmonary function tests and lymphocytic alveolitis on transbronchial lung biopsy.7 Lymphocytosis is commonly found on bronchoalveolar lavage with a variable CD4 to CD8 lymphocyte ratio.26 A lymphocyte stimulation test to potential causative Chinese medicines with lymphocytes from BAL fluid, as well as peripheral blood lymphocytes, may be useful for the diagnosis of Chinese drug-induced pneumonitis.9
Chlorphenoxy Compounds
Published in Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi, Human Toxicology of Pesticides, 2019
Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi
Moderate anemia with changes in erythrocyte size or volume, methemoglobinemia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophyllia, hypo- or hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated phospholipids, altered blood albumin and globulins, elevated blood urea level, transaminase (SGOT, SGPT) creatinine phosphokinases, delayed prothrombin time, and decreased SH-groups are reported.3,13,24,28
Short-term exposure of female BALB/cJ mice to e-cigarette aerosol promotes neutrophil recruitment and enhances neutrophil-platelet aggregation in pulmonary microvasculature
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Hunter T. Snoderly, Hassan Alkhadrawi, Dhruvi M. Panchal, Kelly L. Weaver, Jenna N. Vito, Kasey A. Freshwater, Stell P. Santiago, I. Mark Olfert, Timothy R. Nurkiewicz, Margaret F. Bennewitz
Beyond platelets and neutrophils in the vasculature, data suggest that lymphocytes may also play a role in the earliest stages of EC-induced inflammation and tissue damage. Notably, in the context of cigarette smoke exposure, increased BLC expression contributes to the progression of COPD by enhancing B-lymphocyte recruitment; the B cells then activate macrophages via IL-10 secretion (John-Schuster et al. 2014). In fact, IL-10 levels in this study were tested via cytokine panel, but no marked changes were detected in its expression within plasma. Importantly however, cytokine expression in BALF was not tested. Coupled with other findings that lymphocytes were transiently increased in BALF and some EC-exposed mice displayed sporadic peribronchial lymphocytosis, these findings suggest that lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs occurs immediately following even short-term EC-exposure. Although elevated BLC expression appears to recover immediately following cessation of short-term exposure, chronic exposure may promote lymphocyte recruitment and subsequent macrophage-induced COPD-like tissue damage to the lungs. Quantitative analysis of lymphocyte and macrophage involvement in EC-exposed lung tissue would serve to better elucidate whether long-term e-cigarette users are more prone to lung disease and if so, the mechanisms by which this occurs.