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Introductory ODE Model
Published in William E. Schiesser, ODE/PDE Analysis of Multiple Myeloma, 2020
The following background statement from [1] defines the term multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes (lymph cells) are one of the main types of white blood cells in the immune system and include T cells and B cells. Lymphocytes are in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream.When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body attack and kill germs. Plasma cells, are found mainly in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones. In addition to plasma cells, normal bone marrow is also the home for other blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets.In general, when plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, this is called multiple myeloma. The plasma cells make an abnormal protein (antibody) known by several different names, including monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal protein (M-protein), M-spike, or paraprotein.
Putting a Cell Together
Published in Thomas M. Nordlund, Peter M. Hoffmann, Quantitative Understanding of Biosystems, 2019
Thomas M. Nordlund, Peter M. Hoffmann
T cells are white blood cells (lymphocytes) that play a central role in immunity. (“T” stands for thymus, where the T cells grow.) They are characterized by a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCRs) that interact with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, a protein) on an antigen presenting cell (APC) that has managed to “bite off” a fragment of a foreign cell’s (or virus’s) protein or glycoprotein called an antigen (Figure 7.16). “Professional” APCs are cells that specialize in obtaining an antigen from an invading cell or virus and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to an MHC molecule, on their membrane. The T cell recognizes and interacts with the MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the APC. (Note so far the T cell is not dealing directly with the invading cell.) When the T cell binds to the APC, the latter gives an additional signal that activates the T cell. The T cell then secretes a chemical (cytokine) that causes growth of more T cells, some of which become capable of killing the invading cell or cell that has been infected with virus. Huge amounts of biochemical and genetic information are known about the many components of this type of immune response, but we will focus on what takes place structurally when the T cell binds the MHC. For a more complete description of the immune recognition response, see K. Singleton et al.16 Read the Journal of Immunology for continuing, up-to-date coverage of discoveries about the immune response.
Osteoimmunomodulation with Biomaterials
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Bengü Aktaş, Bora Garipcan, Zehra Betül Ahi, Kadriye Tuzlakoğlu, Emre Ergene, Pınar Yılgör Huri
Lymphocytes are a subclass of white blood cells implicated in adaptive immunity and there are different kinds of lymphocytes circulating in the bloodstream. The most commonly seen types of lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells). B-cells and T-cells are specific for a determined antigen, which can be considered one of their defining properties. In other words, each of them can bind to a particular molecular structure. They can recognise any antigen due to their specific surface receptor: the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the T-cell receptor (TCR) [20]. Bone marrow is the source of lymphocytes. However, the precursors of T-lymphocytes leave from bone marrow and migrate towards the thymus. After the migration, they acquire specific surface receptor molecules such as TCR and CD in the thymus. Through this process, they mature into T-lymphocytes with the ability to indicate a specific immune response [21].
Effect of radiation emitted from mobile phone on bone marrow haematopoietic stem cell in mice
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2023
Pei Yinhui, Gao Hui, Zhang Mingzhu, Wang Xiaoping, Sun Jian, Zhou Fangyuan, Zhu Yufang, Yang Yajing
T lymphocytes, as major cells that participate cell-mediated immune response, are mainly classified into two types according to the surface molecular markers, helper T lymphocyte with CD4 positive and cytotoxic T subsets with CD8. Lymphoid stem cells which originated from haematopoietic stem cells differentiate into T lymphocytes with the help of many cytokines secreted by bone marrow matrix cells, hereafter, lymphocytes immigrate to primary immune organ as thymus, further develop into mature T cells and enter into secondary immune organs to take part in immune respond against antigens(18). Shortage of T lymphocytes or the abnormal proportions of CD4/CD8 contribute to immune deficiency diseases. In this paper, the percentage of the 2 kinds lymphocyte was detected by the performance of immunohistochemistry method. Evidences in this work showed that there are virtually no changes about the proportions of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte in peripheral blood cells among the four exposure phases in each group. Early studies were carried out to verify the link of mobile phone radiation and blood factors in rats, and the data from the experimental rats also showed that the exposure to radiofrequency radiations did not alter the proportions of lymphocyte subsets despite their different intensity and periods (19,20).
Updates in immunocompatibility of biomaterials: applications for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Mahdi Rezaei, Farideh Davani, Mohsen Alishahi, Fatemeh Masjedi
The immune system protects the body organs from foreign threats and maintains their stable hemostasis [16]. The immune system consists of many cells and organs that are widely spread throughout the body [17]. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are the main elements of the immune systems and generally are classified into phagocytes, which eat and break down the pathogens, and lymphocytes, which have the role of remembering and recognizing the invaders. B lymphocytes reside in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing antibodies and alerting T lymphocytes. T cells stay in the thymus, remove the body compromised cells, and alert other leukocytes [18]. A functional immune system ought to protect against external pathogens while not harming the body organs. Therefore, it has a complex recognition system based on detecting the protein on the surface of cells to discriminate the ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ [19]. When a pathogen is spotted by B cells, they secrete specific antigens (antibody generators), which can kill it or help other leukocytes detect them. T cells either coordinate the immune response, stimulate the B cells to secrete more antigens, or attack cells [20] (Figure 2).
Acute toxicity and health effect of perfluoroisobutyronitrile on mice: a promising substitute gas-insulating medium to SF6
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Xiaoxing Zhang, Fanchao Ye, Yi Li, Shuangshuang Tian, Baojuan Xie, Yadong Gao, Song Xiao
Table 3 shows the blood cell test results of mice after exposure. It can be found that the lymphocytes percentage of mice that died at a concentration of 1202 ppm significantly decreased and the neutrophils percentage increased significantly, which are all deviated from the reference value. Neutrophils belong to a type of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system. A high percentage of neutrophils are common in acute inflammation. Lymphocytes can produce and carry antibodies and prevent viral infections. The decrease in lymphocyte percentage is common in immunodeficiency diseases, which indicates that acute inhalation of C4F7N gas within 4 h will cause inflammation and decline of immune system function. In addition, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin that transport oxygen through blood in the animal in the dead mice at 1202 ppm is high, which is due to the impaired heart and lung function of the mice (the clinical manifestation is that the mice have shortness of breath).