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Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Immunomodulation is a therapeutic method that regulate the balance of cytokines in the human body by limiting inflammation and controlling immune response or by stimulating the defective immune system. Macrophages are immune cells of the innate immune system. They play an important role in maintaining homeostasis by changing their functions according to tissues. In addition, macrophages are the main source of pro-inflammatory factors (Wijesekara et al., 2011). A variety of cytokines regulate the activation, development, proliferation, killing of natural killer cells (NK cells) and chemotaxis. Raulet’s study showed that interleukin-2 and IL-15 can stimulate the proliferation of NK cells and the secretion of a variety of cytokines (Raulet, 2006). In fact, activated NK cells can secrete soluble cytokines such as IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to enhance the body’s immune response. Some polysaccharides and glycosides obtained from natural sources are considered as biological response regulators, which can enhance various immune responses. They can maintain homeostasis by regulating T/B lymphocytes, NK cells (Figure 4.3), macrophages (Figure 4.4) and complement system (Huang et al., 2019).
The Current State of Non-Viral Vector–Based mRNA Medicine Using Various Nanotechnology Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Kshama Patel, Preetam Dasika, Yashwant V. Pathak
While viral vectors are a common method to treat diseases, non-viral vectors are becoming more and more common, since viral vectors tend to be a safety concern. Non-viral vectors, especially non-viral gene carriers, are popular because of the induction of transient gene expression in which polymers or liposomes with cationic lipids are kept for a few days until they are converted into a long, low-level expression.19 One type of cell that non-viral gene therapy has been used on is natural killer cells, or NK cells.19 A process known as electroporation is used to artificially inject nucleic materials into the NK cell. Electroporation is the induction of a temporary permeabilization of the cell membrane through the creation of an electric field so that the artificial nucleic substances can be injected into the desired cell. This process is used over viral vectors because with viral vectors, many problems could arise such as unwanted replication of the actual nucleic material, altering the individual’s DNA. While electroporation can be a dangerous process, prior research has shown that lytic function, the major danger, has been restored and caused the patient no harm in the future.19 Furthermore, studies have shown that electroporation of mRNA coding and anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been successfully electroporated into blood-derived cells. Not only were these processes successful, but they were also efficient with an 81 percent efficiency rate.19
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Natural killer cells play a role in the innate immune system. Cytotoxic, granular lymphocytes release proteins perforin and granzyne that cause target cell to die by apoptosis. They play a major role in killing viruses, tumor cells, bacteria, and protozoa. However, they cannot attack biological cells that cause inflammation.
In vivo immune activation of splenocytes following exposure to tar from Asian sand dust
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Mengyue Shen, Yuan Song, Takamichi Ichinose, Kentaro Morita, Duo Wang, Keiichi Arashidani, Yasuhiro Yoshida
Flow cytometric analyzes for CD4+, CD8+, CD11b+, CD11c+, B220+, and CD49+F4/80− (natural killer) cells were performed as follows. Splenocytes (2 × 106 cells) were incubated with an anti-CD16/CD32 antibody (1 μl, 70–0161, Tonbo Biosciences, San Diego, CA) for 30 min and, then probed with specific antibodies (1 μl, CD4-violet:75–0041-U100, CD8-Percp cy5.5:65–0081-U100, CD11b-FITC:35–0112-U500, CD11c-violet:75–0114-U100, B220-Percp cy5.5:65–0452-U100, F4/80-FITC:35–4801-U500, Tonbo Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) or CD49-PE (1 μl, 12–5971-82, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). Fluorescence data from stained cells were acquired using a flow cytometer (Cell Analyzer EC800; Sony, Tokyo, Japan) as the number of events from 1 × 105 cells per sample.
High yield expression, characterization, and biological activity of IFNα2-Tα1 fusion protein
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam, Iram Gull, Malik Siddique Mahmood, Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal, Zaigham Abbas, Imran Tipu, Aftab Ahmed, Muhammad Amin Athar
Interferon α (IFN-α) is a member of interferon type 1,[1] which is widely used cytokine for treatment of hepatitis and cancer.[2] It either directly acts on target cells or activates immune response[3] for performing various functions such as antiviral, antitumor, and modulation of immune response.[4–6] IFN-α binds to cell surface receptors and leads to activation of interferon stimulated genes which further mediate their antiviral and antiproliferative effect.[7] The antiviral effect of IFN-α is exhibited either by inhibiting virus life cycle or inducing cellular immunity during infection,[8,9] while it inhibits growth of cancerous cells through cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or inhibition of angiogenesis. It also acts indirectly to kill cancerous cells through activation of T cells mediated cytotoxicity, activation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), activation of natural killer cells, induction of other cytokines and expression of cell surface antigens.[10,11] Hepatitis B and C are big health issues worldwide as more than 400 million people are suffering from chronic hepatitis B and C resulting in more than 1.4 million deaths each year.[12] The incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has increased worldwide. The Asian countries account for 80% victims approximately.[13–15] Due to higher prevalence of hepatitis infections and carcinomas in developing countries the demand of IFN α-2 is increasing very rapidly.