China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
General Concepts
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Cytotoxic drugs are preparations which are used mainly in the treatment of malignant growing cells. They may damage growth and reproduction of normal cells as well. The potential for harmful effects developing over the longer term is, however, well known. In several countries, the authorities have provided occupational standards for handling cytotoxic drugs. These standards, whether guidelines or mandatory, all aim to minimize the risk of exposure for health professionals. In the U.S., OSHA has given guidelines for cytotoxic drugs which recommend controls and work practice techniques to reduce the risk of a hazard.35 The guidelines describe practices in preparation, usage, and disposal of cytotoxic drugs, including personal protective equipment, preparation equipment, administration equipment, medical surveillance, etc. About preparation equipment, they say that “work with cytotoxics must be carried out in a BSC” (Biological Safety Cabinet) “but where one is not currently available, a respirator with a high efficiency filter provides the best protection.”35
Liposome NanocarrierSynthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Several cytotoxic drugs are made to target cancer or malignant cells, but due to their non-specific distribution to the body, they also affect normal cells, which leads to various toxic side effects. In accordance with the concept of sustained release and microencapsulation, the entrapment of cytotoxic drugs such as doxorubicin (DXR), daunorubicin (DNR), and vincristine (VCR) tends to increase the targeted drug delivery and specificity towards the tumor cells, enhance the uptake of liposomes by phagocytic or endocytic cells, and decrease liposomal uptake by the RES. It has been proven that after entrapping the anti-cancer agents within the liposome, the load of cytotoxic drugs is higher in malignant cells than in normal cells as the liposome enters the tumor cells by the EPR effect.
Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
An additional factor for choosing a scaffold is whether it will be used in vitro or in vivo. If implanted immediately, the scaffold should possess mechanical characteristics that are appropriate for the loading environment. The scaffold should maintain its shape and protect the seeded cells from excessive forces. If bioresorbable, the degradation of the scaffold should correspond with the growth of tissue in the construct, which would gradually take more of the applied load from the scaffold. If chemical initiators are used to cross-link the scaffold either in vitro or in vivo, then the process should be designed to minimize negative effects on cell viability or metabolism. Some injectable biomaterials are cross-linked in the defect site to achieve sufficient mechanical properties, but this process can involve chemicals that are cytotoxic.
Removal of imipramine using advanced oxidation processes: Degradation products and toxicity evolution
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Selda Doğan Çalhan, Özkan Görmez, Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu, Barış Saçlı, Belgin Gözmen
The determination of cytotoxicity is determining the damage in cells depending on the dose of the exposed substance and the exposure time. If cells are exposed to cytotoxic substances, they may die due to events such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, or they may lose their proliferation properties due to cytostasis.[35] With cell-based cytotoxicity studies, basic information about the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of the tested substance is obtained. Determining the viability of cells experimentally exposed to chemical, biological, or physical factors after exposure is an important step in these studies.[36] There are many tests applied to determine cell viability.[37] Regardless of the type of cytotoxicity study performed, the important thing is to determine the amount of live/dead cells at the end of the study.[35] Genotoxicity tests are routinely used to determine whether a chemical that can cause a wide range of problems, such as cancer and inherited birth defects, is causing genetic damage.
Ozonation and UV photolysis for removing anticancer drug residues from hospital wastewater
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Darliana Mello Souza, Jaqueline Fabiane Reichert, Vanessa Ramos do Nascimento, Ayrton Figueiredo Martins
Anticancer drugs are a group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of cancer that are designed to disrupt or prevent cellular proliferation usually by interaction with DNA function and cell signaling. Although anticancer drugs are designed to kill rapidly growing cells such as those found in cancer tumors, because of the lack of selectivity of these drugs,[11–13] they can attack healthy cells in addition to the tumor cells and cause cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, as well as teratogenic effects, leading to adverse effects in eukaryotic living organisms.[9,14–16] These chemicals are among the most toxic chemicals that are commercially produced and are the only pharmaceutical products explicitly classified as “hazardous” under the Waste Framework Directive of the European Commission;[17] thus, they are considered a great environmental concern in terms of their potential risk.
Water-soluble polycarbodiimides and their cytotoxic and antifungal properties
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Enosha Harshani De Silva, Narges Salamat, Li Zhang, Jie Zheng, Bruce M. Novak
Cytotoxic compounds can be used as cancer therapeutics. DNA-targeted anticancer drugs are the most efficient and novel clinical method [23]. Mustard-gas was the first DNA targeted chemotherapy drug, which was used in World War I and II victims [23]. Chiral compounds [24], oligomers [25], peptides [23], and some metallic supramolecular polymers [20,26] are some examples of DNA interactive anticancer drugs. The previously reported chiral drugs (-)-and (+)-daunorubicin manifest these properties, with the R enantiomer binding B-DNA and the S enantiomer binding Z-DNA [25]. In addition, metal complex helical polymers displayed a high binding affinity towards DNA [27,28]. Also, chiral molecules can be used as DNA templates that could identify DNA [29]. Thus, it was concluded that cytotoxic polymeric materials with chiral and helical structures could display promising anticancer activity. However, significant potential side effects limited their usage as chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, there is a high demand for the continued pursuit of new anticancer agents [30].